| Citation: | ZHANG Ju，JI Yuxuan，GUO Huirong，et al. Experimental study on CO2 plugging effect and instability conditions of hydrates in fractures in seafloor sediments[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology，2025，44（5）：1-8 doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230651
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Seabed carbon dioxide (CO2) geological sequestration technology has gained popularity in the fields of carbon sequestration and carbon neutralization. In the northern South China Sea, favorable conditions for the formation of CO2 hydrates exist in seabed sediments, where hydrates forming in cracks and pores may block the further upward migration of CO2 and generate self-sealing capacities. However, the effects of CO2 leakage in fractures and the instability of hydrate plugging remain unclear.
A visualization experimental platform for hydrate growth and the instability process under water injection supercharging at high pressure and low temperature was used to observe CO2 hydrate formation. The platform simulated the conditions of seafloor sedimentary cover at 2℃ and 3～4 MPa, and evaluated hydrate instability and plugging effects using parameters of breakthrough pressure, breakthrough pressure difference, duration, permeability coefficient at the initial instability stage, and plugging rate.
The experimental results show that hydrate formation proceeds through four stages: Nucleation, expansion, formation, and aggregation. Hydrates formed in cracks effectively block the migration of fluids such as water and CO2; however, instability begins when fluid pressure increases and reaches the critical breakthrough pressure. The instability process can be divided into two stages: Particle size degradation and surface friction failure. The hydrate mass core becomes unstable first, while the sealing state persists until the surface of the hydrate fails due to friction. The breakthrough pressure ranges from 6.414 to 6.966 MPa, and the breakthrough pressure difference is between 2.403 and 3.203 MPa. Hydrate instability is primarily influenced by flow rate, with the flow rate affecting the instability rate through interface effects. The breakthrough pressure of hydrates is mainly determined by temperature and pressure, while flow rate influences the exact time when hydrates enter instability. At 3～4 MPa seafloor sedimentary cover, the sealing rate is 99.0%～99.6%, and the permeability coefficient at the initial instability stage ranges from 0.555×10−3 to 1.260×10−3 μm2.
The experimental results offer a reference for risk assessments of overlying layers in similar conditions in the South China Sea for CO2 seabed geological sequestration. To maintain the sealing effect of CO2 hydrates, the pressure difference between the capped hydrate layer and the actual seabed pressure should be less than 2 MPa.
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