| Citation: | CHANG Wei，YAN Huiming，DENG Zhengrong，et al. Identification of confined water migration patterns in Multi-layer aquifer systems of strong deformation zones[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology，2026，45（0）：1-13 doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250322
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In strong deformation tectonic zones, the structure of multi-layer karst aquifer systems exhibits significant spatial variability, leading to complex and variable characteristics of groundwater occurrence and migration. This presents considerable challenges for predicting water inrush risks in deep-buried water diversion tunnels. The water conveyance tunnel of the under-construction Yangtze-to-Han River Water Diversion Project traverses the Jindou-Anzizhai strong deformation zone, where multiple exploration boreholes have exposed confined water with high pressure and large flow rates, resulting in an extremely high risk of water inrush during tunnel construction.
A comprehensive combination of hydrogeological drilling, borehole television imaging, hydrochemical analysis, isotopic tracing, and hydrodynamic monitoring techniques was employed to systematically identify the recharge, occurrence, and migration patterns of confined water in the multi-layer aquifer system.
The Jindou-Anzizhai composite anticline is characterized by an interbedded structure of alternating karst aquifers and aquitards, with weak karst development and fracture-dominated water-bearing media. The confined water is characterized by long runoff paths, slow circulation renewal, and the inability to receive direct and rapid recharge from modern precipitation. Groundwater migration is jointly controlled by topographic and tectonic factors, with an overall runoff direction from southwest to northeast, and the confined water is discharged upward through faults.
High recharge elevation, long runoff paths, and narrow discharge channels are the fundamental factors governing the formation of high-head confined water. The tunnel is prone to high-pressure water inrush risks when crossing fault fracture zones, fold cores, and the interfaces between aquifers and aquitards in strong deformation tectonic zones, and water inrush is mainly attributed to the release of static groundwater reserves. The research can provide a valuable reference for water hazard identification in deep-buried tunnels located in similar strong deformation tectonic zones.
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