| Citation: | ZHU Sen，LIU Fangkai，TAN Qingwen，et al. Genesis of low geothermal field in Tarim Basin and differential mechanisms across various zones[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology，2026，45（5）：1-16 doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250319
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As a typical cratonic "cold basin" in China, the Tarim Basin contains abundant ultra-deep hydrocarbon resources. Its low geothermal field exerts fundamental constraints on source-rock thermal maturation, hydrocarbon phase preservation, and hydrocarbon accumulation processes. Clarifying the formation mechanisms of the basin's low geothermal field and the main controlling mechanisms of geothermal differences across tectonic zones is of great theoretical and practical significance for ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration.
This study systematically compiles and synthesizes published borehole temperature measurements, rock thermophysical parameters, tectono-thermal evolution results, and relevant geothermal literature. By means of comparative analysis and inductive analysis, it reviews the spatial distribution characteristics of present-day geothermal fields, reconstructs regional thermal evolutionary history, and synthesizes the genetic mechanisms for the low-temperature background. Additionally, it distinguishes the main controlling factors of geothermal differences across various tectonic units and further summarizes the constraining effects of low geothermal conditions on deep hydrocarbon accumulation. The results show that the present-day geothermal field exhibits a planar distribution pattern characterized by higher values in uplift zones and lower values in depression zones, with an average geothermal gradient of 18–21 °C/km and terrestrial heat flow values of 35–45 mW/m2. Vertically, geothermal gradients gradually decrease with increasing burial depth. Deep carbonate intervals have gradients of approximately 14 °C/km, distinctly lower than those of the shallow clastic sequences (approximately 22 °C/km). Since the Sinian, the basin has experienced long-term regional thermal decay, interrupted by a short-lived geothermal pulse triggered by Permian magmatic events. Thereafter, geothermal gradients gradually declined and stabilized at roughly 20 °C/km from the Mesozoic onward. The low-temperature geothermal background is controlled by the coupled effects of lithospheric thermal architecture, deep geodynamic processes, and sedimentary cover properties. The “cold-mantle and cold-crust” cratonic lithosphere is the fundamental internal cause. Long-term lithospheric cooling since the Permian and the suppression of heat transport induced by Cenozoic intracontinental compression collectively reinforced the cold thermal setting, and thick sedimentary sequences provided additional thermal-blanketing effects. Geothermal differences are controlled by distinct dominant mechanisms in different tectonic units. Geothermal signatures in the Kuqa Depression are mainly governed by Cenozoic orogenic tectonic activities, while the Tabei Uplift is dominated by basement-topography variations. The coupling of low geothermal gradient and overpressure can broaden the effective hydrocarbon-generation window for source rocks. Liquid hydrocarbons can be stably preserved at burial depths of up to
This study systematically clarifies the origin and zonal differential patterns of the low geothermal field, advances the understanding of source-rock thermal maturation and hydrocarbon phase evolution within cratonic ultra-deep settings, and provides critical geothermal references for future deep-to-ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Tarim Basin.
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