| Citation: | CHEN Xiao，HUANG Yahao，ZHAO Haitao，et al. Fluid evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms of Cambrian-Sinian source-reservoir system in Well Qitan-1, Tarim Basin[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology，2026，45（5）：1-15 doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250304
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Deep-to-ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoirs are characterized by long-term fluid evolution histories and complex hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms. The Tarim Basin is a typical exploration target for deep-to-ultra-deep hydrocarbons in China. However, only a small number of boreholes have penetrated the Lower Paleozoic Sinian-Cambrian source rocks and reservoirs. At present, direct isotopic chronological constraints on the complete source-to-reservoir fluid evolution and hydrocarbon charging processes remain scarce, which restricts the in-depth understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms at depths of 10 000 m within the Tarim Basin.
This study focused on fracture- and vug-filling vein minerals in core samples from the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (source rock) and the Sinian Qigebulake Formation (reservoir) of Well Qitan-1 (QT-1). The fluid sources and genesis of multiple generations of veins were identified. Multiple analytical approaches were integrated, including petrographic observation of fluid inclusions, micro-in-situ U-Pb dating of carbonate veins, Re-Os isotopic dating of solid bitumen, REE-Sr isotopic geochemistry, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and basin burial-thermal-history modelling, to reconstruct the dynamic hydrocarbon accumulation sequence of deep source-reservoir systems.
Two generations of fracture-filling calcite veins were developed in the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation source rocks of northern Tarim. REE and Sr-isotopic signatures indicated that both calcite veins were of hydrothermal origin, precipitated from deep Sr-rich fluid systems. Correspondingly, two generations of pore-filling dolomite veins occurred in the Sinian Qigebulake Formation reservoir. Geochemical proxies indicated that these dolomite veins precipitated from formation diagenetic fluids, and the Sr-isotopic compositions of the second-generation dolomite veins recorded fluid mixing with contemporaneous Cambrian seawater. The first-generation calcite vein in the source rocks (466 ± 5 Ma) and the first-generation dolomite vein in the reservoirs (460 ± 10 Ma) crystallized during the Middle Ordovician. These early-formed veins were later modified by hydrocarbon charging and trapped oil inclusions, which recorded the primary oil-charge event during the Permian (Hercynian), indicating good source-reservoir matching. Burial-thermal modelling revealed that the Yuertusi Formation source rocks reached the oil-generation threshold in the Carboniferous. Both the second-generation calcite vein in the source rocks (263 ± 69 Ma) and second-generation dolomite vein in the reservoirs (55 ± 15 Ma) contained abundant oil inclusions. Constrained by burial-history simulation, the large-scale secondary hydrocarbon charging event took place in the Miocene, showing good spatiotemporal coupling between hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. A large amount of solid residual bitumen occurring after the second-generation dolomite veins in the reservoirs yielded a Re-Os age of 30 ± 14 Ma, documenting the destruction and readjustment of Sinian paleo-hydrocarbon reservoirs in the early Oligocene driven by Himalayan tectonic uplift.
This study conducts systematic isotopic-chronology and fluid evolution analyses for deep source-reservoir intervals in the Tarim Basin. It provides direct experimental evidence for reconstructing the whole process of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, accumulation, and preservation within the Lower Paleozoic Sinian-Cambrian source-reservoir system.
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