苯胺污染场地修复技术研究进展

刘元生; 王颖; 王月; 李雅君; 闫国凯

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb202606030

苯胺污染场地修复技术研究进展

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb202606030

刘元生^{1a, 1b, 2,},
王颖^{1a, 1b},
王月^{1a, 1b, 3, ,},
李雅君^{1a, 1b},
闫国凯^{1a, 1b}

1a.
中国环境科学研究院：环境污染控制工程技术研究中心
1b.
中国环境科学研究院：环境基准标准与风险管控全国重点实验室，北京 100020
2.
中国地质大学（北京）水资源与环境学院，北京 100083
3.
中国地质大学（武汉）环境学院，武汉 430078

基金项目: 京津冀环境综合治理国家科技重大专项（2026ZD1210201-03）

详细信息

作者简介:
刘元生：E-mail：13051127797@163.com

通讯作者:
E-mail: yuewanggg@126.com

中图分类号: X53
计量
- 文章访问数: 68
- PDF下载量: 5
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-06-17
- 录用日期: 2026-06-26
- 修回日期: 2026-06-18
- 网络出版日期: 2026-06-30

Research progress on remediation technologies for aniline-contaminated sites

LIU Yuansheng^{1a, 1b, 2
,},
WANG Ying^{1a, 1b},
WANG Yue^{1a, 1b, 3
, ,},
LI Yajun^{1a, 1b},
YAN Guokai^{1a, 1b}

1a.
Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology
1b.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100020, China
2.
Faculty of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3.
School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：13051127797@163.com

Corresponding author: E-mail: yuewanggg@126.com

摘要

摘要:
苯胺是一类高毒性、难降解、性质稳定的半挥发性有机污染物，主要来自染料、医药、农药、橡胶助剂等化工生产活动泄漏与排放，部分农业活动也会造成环境苯胺累积。由于其环境稳定性强、多介质迁移转化过程复杂，苯胺污染场地高效修复已成为当前环境修复领域的突出难点。基于 Web of Science 数据库文献计量分析结果，系统梳理苯胺污染的来源、污染场地环境特征及检测分析技术发展现状，归纳各类修复技术的适用边界。在此基础上，依据场地污染程度提出差异化修复思路：对于高浓度污染区（土壤苯胺质量分数>1500 mg/kg、地下水苯胺质量浓度>1000 mg/L），应以污染源削减和污染羽控制为核心，优先采用热脱附、化学氧化 / 还原、土壤淋洗、土壤气相抽提、地下水抽出处理等物理−化学协同修复技术，快速削减污染负荷，降低污染物持续释放风险；对于中浓度污染区（土壤苯胺质量分数(260, 1500] mg/kg、地下水苯胺质量浓度(100, 1000] mg/L），宜采用阻隔墙、可渗透反应墙（PRB）等技术实现污染羽管控；对于低浓度污染区（土壤苯胺质量分数≤260 mg/kg、地下水苯胺质量浓度≤100 mg/L），可选用微生物修复、植物修复、监测自然衰减（MNA）等低干预技术实现长效风险管控。在此基础上，总结现有修复技术工程应用存在成本高、部分技术修复效率受限、实验室结果与现场工程脱节等现实瓶颈，并从新型修复材料开发、多技术耦合体系优化、绿色可持续修复体系构建等方面提出研究展望，以期为苯胺污染场地科学精准治理提供理论参考与技术支撑。
- 苯胺 /
- 污染场地 /
- 修复技术 /
- 可渗透反应墙 /
- 微生物修复 /
- 污染羽
Abstract:
Significance
Aniline is a highly toxic, recalcitrant, and stable semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) of great environmental concern. It is primarily discharged via industrial manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and rubber additives, and agricultural practices involving aniline-based herbicide application also contribute to environmental aniline accumulation. Classified as a priority pollutant in the United States and the European Union, aniline has also been included in China's List of Toxic and Hazardous Water Pollutants (Batch 2), owing to its carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic risks to human health and ecosystems. Due to its environmental persistence, complicated multi-media migration and transformation processes and heterogeneous spatial distribution in subsurface environments, effective remediation of aniline-contaminated soil and groundwater remains a prominent bottleneck in modern environmental restoration practices.
Progress
Based on bibliometric analysis of publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection spanning from 2005 to 2024, this review systematically synthesizes the sources of aniline pollution, environmental characteristics of contaminated sites, and the development status of detection and analysis technologies, and summarizes the applicable boundaries of various remediation technologies.
Conclusion and Prospect
Building on these fundamental analyses, a tiered concentration-driven remediation framework is established to support targeted technology selection for different pollution levels. For high-concentration zones (soil aniline mass fraction >1500 mg/kg; groundwater aniline mass concentration >1000 mg/L), source reduction and groundwater plume containment should be prioritized by adopting integrated physicochemical remediation techniques including thermal desorption, chemical oxidation/reduction, soil washing, soil vapor extraction, and groundwater pump-and-treat systems to rapidly reduce contaminant loads and mitigate persistent secondary release risks. For medium-concentration zones (soil aniline mass fraction: (260, 1500] mg/kg; groundwater aniline mass concentration: (100, 1000] mg/L), hydraulic and reactive barrier facilities such as cutoff walls and permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are recommended to block plume migration and promote natural contaminant attenuation. For low-concentration zones (soil aniline mass fraction ≤260 mg/kg; groundwater aniline mass concentration ≤100 mg/L), low-intervention strategies including microbial remediation, phytoremediation, and monitored natural attenuation (MNA) are preferred to achieve long-term risk control. Critical bottlenecks restricting real-world remediation performance are further elaborated. Key challenges include excessive project costs, unsatisfactory removal efficiency under complex geologic conditions, and prominent gaps between laboratory-scale experimental observations and field-scale engineering applications. Many bioremediation approaches show promising laboratory performance yet fail under high-aniline-load field conditions due to microbial inhibition. Finally, prospective research directions are proposed, covering the development of high-performance remediation materials, performance optimization of multi-technology coupled remediation frameworks, and construction of green-oriented sustainable remediation workflows for aniline-affected sites. This study can serve as a theoretical basis and practical technical reference for risk evaluation, technical screening, and precision remediation of aniline-contaminated sites across diverse hydrogeological settings.
- aniline /
- contaminated site /
- remediation technology /
- permeable reactive barrier /
- microbial remediation /
- contaminant plume

HTML全文

图 1 2005—2024年间苯胺研究领域的文献计量学特征分析

a.苯胺及其环境介质（废水、土壤和地下水）年度发文量变化趋势；b.基于聚类分析的国家/地区科研合作网络图谱，节点颜色代表不同国家/地区，大小代表发文量，连线代表合作关系；c.基于聚类分析的作者关键词的共现网络图谱，不同颜色代表不同的研究热点聚类，连线粗细代表词汇间共现强度；DFT. density functional theory；GC-MS. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Figure 1. Bibliometric characteristics of aniline-related research (2005—2024)

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图 2 苯胺在地下介质中的多相迁移转化示意图（NAPL为非水相液体）

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of multiphase migration and transformation of aniline in subsurface media

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图 3 受污染场地中人类接触苯胺的途径

Figure 3. Human exposure pathways to aniline at contaminated sites

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图 4 不同浓度分区修复技术示意图

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of remediation technologies for different concentration zones

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图 5 原位热脱附工艺示意图

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of in-situ thermal desorption process

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图 6 典型原位土壤淋洗系统的设置与工作原理

Figure 6. Layout and working principle of a typical in-situ soil-washing system

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表 1 场地修复技术对苯胺污染场地适用性分析

Table 1. Applicability analysis of remediation technologies for aniline-contaminated sites

修复技术	适用性分析	优点	缺点
热脱附	适用于黏粒含量低、渗透性好的砂质土壤；当苯胺浓度较高或土壤黏粒含量较高时，宜加热到370 ℃以上，采用高温热脱附，使苯胺在挥发的同时发生热分解，以增强脱附效率	处理效率高，可同时去除多种有机污染物；设备成熟，工程应用广泛	能耗较高，设备投资大；高温处理可能产生次生污染物，需配套尾气净化系统
化学氧化/ 还原	该技术对土壤类型适应性强，适用于各类水文地质条件的污染区域。从药剂选择方面，氧化剂对苯胺的去除效果总体优于还原剂，其中活化过硫酸盐、高锰酸钾及H₂O₂药剂去除率可达99%以上^[34]	反应速率快；可在常温常压下进行；药剂投加方式灵活	氧化剂消耗量大，成本较高；可能影响土壤理化性质；部分氧化剂（如过硫酸盐）可能产生硫酸盐残留等二次污染风险
土壤淋洗	适用于渗透性较好的砂质、粉砂质土壤；当土壤砂粒含量低、有机质含量高时，淋洗去除率会降低。常选择表面活性剂作为淋洗药剂，其中阴离子表面活性剂（如十二烷基苯磺酸钠）效果优于非离子表面活性剂，阴−非离子复配体系可进一步提升去除效率^[50]	可大幅削减污染土方量，将污染物转移至液相集中处理；处理周期短	淋洗液需进一步处理，可能产生二次污染；对黏性土壤效果较差；大规模应用成本较高
土壤气相抽提	适用于渗透性较好的非饱和带苯胺污染场地。由于苯胺蒸汽压相对较低，单独使用时处理效率有限，常与化学氧化（如臭氧）联用以增强降解效果^[51]	操作简单，成本较低；可在原位或异位条件下实施；对土壤结构破坏小	对低渗透性土壤效果有限；苯胺蒸汽压相对较低，单独使用时处理效率有限；需配合尾气处理
地下水抽出处理	适用于地下水丰富、苯胺浓度较高、污染羽扩散明显的场地。通过抽出处理将高浓度污染地下水转移至地面，再结合化学氧化、生物处理等组合工艺进行达标处理。适用于污染源区快速水力控制及长期地下水修复	可有效控制高浓度污染羽扩散；操作成熟，技术可靠；可将污染物转移至地面集中处理	处理周期长；需配套水处理设施；对吸附态污染物去除有限

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表 2 常用氧化剂与还原剂对苯胺污染场地修复适用性

Table 2. Applicability of common oxidants and reducing agents for remediation of aniline-contaminated sites

氧化剂
名称	优点	缺点	对苯胺污染场地的适用性
高锰酸钾（KMnO₄）	①氧化能力强，反应速率快 ②成本较低，易于获取 ③对多种有机污染物有效	①可能产生副产物（如MnO₂沉淀），影响土壤渗透性 ②对某些饱和烃类污染物氧化效率较低 ③过量使用可能导致土壤酸化	可有效氧化苯胺，反应速率与苯胺浓度呈正相关，研究表明，pH为5～6时反应速率最高^[61]。酸性条件下原位生成的MnO₂具有催化作用，反应遵循中间体络合物电子转移机制
过氧化氢（H₂O₂）	①反应产物为水和氧气，环境友好 ②反应条件温和，易于控制	①单独使用时氧化能力较弱，需配合催化剂 ②高浓度H₂O₂存在安全隐患，运输和储存要求高 ③对土壤有机质有一定破坏作用	单独使用氧化能力弱，需与Fe²⁺或过硫酸盐联用。Fenton反应产生的羟基自由基无选择性攻击苯胺苯环，引发羟基化与开环反应^[62]。H₂O₂活化过硫酸盐时，自由基协同效应可显著增强降解效果
臭氧（O₃）	①氧化能力强，反应速率快 ②无二次污染，产物为氧气	①设备成本高，操作复杂 ②臭氧易分解，需现场生成 ③对土壤渗透性要求高，可能影响微生物活性	苯胺属高臭氧反应活性物质，反应速率常数达 10⁶ L/(mol·s)量级^[51]。臭氧通过直接氧化与间接氧化（羟基自由基）2条途径降解苯胺，初始产物为亚硝基苯和硝基苯，进一步可矿化为CO₂
过硫酸盐（如过硫酸钠，Na₂S₂O₈）	①氧化能力强，稳定性好 ②适用pH范围广，可在中性或弱碱性条件下使用	①活化过程可能增加成本 ②过量使用可能导致土壤酸化或盐分积累	过硫酸盐经活化后产生的硫酸根自由基可高效降解苯胺^[62]

还原剂
名称	优点	缺点	对苯胺污染场地的适用性
零价铁（Fe⁰）	①还原能力强，反应速率快 ②成本低，材料易得 ③对多种污染物有效，尤其是氯代有机物	①表面易钝化，降低长期反应效率 ②可能产生铁氧化物沉淀，影响渗透性 ③对某些污染物（如芳香族化合物）还原效率较低	零价铁对苯胺的还原脱胺效率较低，主要适用于氯代有机物，对苯胺的去除以吸附作用为主
亚硫酸盐（如Na₂SO₃）	①还原能力强，反应速率快 ②成本较低，易于操作	①过量使用可能导致土壤酸化 ②对有机污染物还原效率有限	亚硫酸盐体系可通过活化溶解氧产生硫酸根自由基（SO₄^•−），有效氧化降解苯胺^[63]
硫化物（如Na₂S）	①对重金属还原效果好，可形成难溶性硫化物沉淀 ②对某些氯代有机物有还原脱氯作用	①可能产生硫化氢等有毒气体，需严格控制操作条件 ②对土壤微生物活性有影响	硫化物对苯胺无显著还原效果。相反，高浓度硫化氢对苯胺降解菌具有显著抑制作用，20 mmol/L硫化氢可完全抑制该菌的生长和苯胺降解活性^[64]
氢气（H₂）	①还原产物为水，环境友好 ②对某些污染物（如硝酸盐）还原效率高	①氢气易燃易爆，安全风险高 ②需催化剂（如Pd、Pt），成本较高	氢气适用于卤代苯胺类污染物的预处理^[65]，但对非卤代苯胺的直接还原效果有限

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