新疆西天山阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿床磁铁矿、黑柱石成因及地质意义

胡耀华; 梁清栋; 彭义伟; 郭建平; 杨海波; 王春山; 陈锋锋; 梁芳硕; 彭磊; 周文孝; 徐海伟; 袁帅

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb202601046

新疆西天山阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿床磁铁矿、黑柱石成因及地质意义

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb202601046

胡耀华^1,,
梁清栋^1, ,,
彭义伟²,
郭建平¹,
杨海波¹,
王春山^1,,
陈锋锋¹,
梁芳硕²,
彭磊³,
周文孝^{1, 4},
徐海伟^{5, 6},
袁帅^{6, 7}

新疆维吾尔自治区地质局伊犁地质大队，新疆伊犁 835000
成都理工大学地球与行星科学学院，成都 610059
重庆地质矿产勘查开发局 107地质队，重庆 404100
中国地质大学（武汉）自然资源调查研究院，武汉 430074
新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州自然资源局，新疆伊犁 835000
新疆大学地质与矿业工程学院，乌鲁木齐 830000
新疆维吾尔自治区特克斯县自然资源局，新疆伊犁 835000

基金项目: 新疆地质局创新团队项目（XGBST202512）

详细信息

作者简介:
胡耀华：E-mail：465840682@qq.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：358945377@qq.com

中图分类号: P618.41；P618.42；P575.1
计量
- 文章访问数: 160
- PDF下载量: 25
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-28
- 录用日期: 2026-04-17
- 修回日期: 2026-04-14
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-27

Genesis and geological significance of magnetite and ilvaite in Arqiale Pb-Zn-Cu deposit, western Tianshan, Xinjiang, China

Yili Geological Brigade, Geological Bureau, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Yili Xinjiang 835000, China
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
No. 107 Geological Brigade, Chongqing Bureau of Geology and Minerals Exploration, Chongqing 404100, China
Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
Bureau of Natural Resources of Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Yili Xinjiang 835000, China
School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China
Bureau of Natural Resources of Tekes County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Yili Xinjiang 835000, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：465840682@qq.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：358945377@qq.com

摘要

摘要:
阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿床位于新疆西天山伊什基里克成矿带西南缘，矿体呈层状−似层状赋存于下石炭统阿克沙克组灰岩中。矿区地表及钻探工程尚未揭露成矿岩体，关于该矿床属于沉积喷流（SEDEX）还是矽卡岩型矿床长期存在争议，成矿与岩浆作用的成因联系不明确，直接制约矿区深边部找矿部署。以矿石中识别出的粒状、放射状两世代磁铁矿以及广泛产出的黑柱石为研究对象，开展系统岩矿相学观察与电子探针主量元素分析，厘定矿物形成机制、限定成矿物理化学条件，约束矿床成因，为矿区及区域找矿勘查提供依据。岩相学与地球化学结果表明：2类磁铁矿均具有低Ti、V，高Al、Mn的热液矽卡岩型磁铁矿地球化学特征，Al-Mn-Ti-V图解估算成矿温度200～300 ℃，磁铁矿Mg温度计计算获得平均温度381～392℃，反映中低温热液成矿特征；黑柱石具有低Fe²⁺、高Mn²⁺特征，TFeO/(TFeO+MnO)比值为0.86～0.93，属于锰质黑柱石变种，指示成矿流体处于相对氧化环境。结合矿区石榴子石−钙铁辉石−黑柱石−阳起石矽卡岩矿物组合、矿石交代结构以及浅部铅锌向深部铜矿化过渡的元素分带特征，认为阿尔恰勒为受隐伏侵入岩控制的远端矽卡岩型铅锌铜矿床；根据矿化分带规律推测，矿区北部深部具有寻找隐伏接触带铁铜矿体的潜力。
- 黑柱石 /
- 磁铁矿 /
- 矽卡岩矿床 /
- 阿尔恰勒矿床 /
- 西天山
Abstract:
Objective
The Arqiale Pb-Zn-Cu deposit is situated on the southwestern margin of the Yishijilik metallogenic belt in the western Tianshan Orogen, Xinjiang, northwestern China. The ore bodies occur as stratiform-stratoid bodies within limestone of the Lower Carboniferous Akshak Formation. No ore-related intrusive bodies have been identified in surface exposures or drill cores in the mining area. Two competing genetic models, i.e., sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) and distal skarn-type origins, have long been proposed for this deposit. The genetic link between mineralization and magmatism remains unclear, restricting exploration targeting at depth and along the periphery of the deposit. This work aims to resolve this genetic controversy by elucidating mineral-forming mechanisms, constraining ore-forming physicochemical conditions, and determining deposit genesis, providing mineralogical evidence for regional prospecting.
Methods
Two generations of magnetite (granular and radial aggregates) and abundant ilvaite in the skarn ores were selected for integrated research. Systematic petrographic observations were conducted using transmitted- and reflected-light microscopy, and the major-element compositions of magnetite and ilvaite were determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Multiple geochemical thermometers, including the Al+Mn-Ti+V discrimination diagram and Mg-in-magnetite geothermometer, were applied to estimate ore-formation temperatures, and major-element ratios in ilvaite were used to evaluate the redox state of ore-forming fluids.
Results
Both granular and radial magnetite showed geochemical signatures typical of hydrothermal skarn magnetite, characterized by low Ti and V contents and elevated Al and Mn concentrations. The Al+Mn-Ti+V diagram yielded mineralization temperatures ranging from 200 to 300 °C, whereas the Mg-in-magnetite geothermometer showed average temperatures of 381-392 °C, collectively indicating a moderate- to low-temperature hydrothermal mineralization environment. Ilvaite in the ores was classified as a manganiferous ilvaite variety characterized by low Fe²⁺ and high Mn²⁺. Its TFeO/(TFeO+MnO) ratios varied from 0.86 to 0.93, indicating relatively oxidizing conditions of ore-forming fluids. Petrographic observations revealed well-developed skarn mineral assemblages of garnet-hedenbergite-ilvaite-actinolite and pervasive metasomatic ore textures. A distinct vertical metal-zoning pattern was recognized. Shallow levels were dominated by Pb-Zn mineralization, whereas Cu-dominated mineralization prevailed at deeper parts.
Conclusion
Integrated mineralogical and geochemical evidence indicates that the Arqiale deposit is a distal skarn-type Pb-Zn-Cu deposit genetically linked to concealed intermediate-acid intrusions at depth. The metasomatic textures and skarn paragenesis contradict the typical features of SEDEX deposits. According to the observed metal zonation, the deep northern part of the mining area possesses favorable prospecting potential for concealed contact-zone Fe-Cu ore bodies related to hidden magmatic intrusions.
- ilvaite /
- magnetite /
- skarn deposit /
- Arqiale deposit /
- western Tianshan

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图 1 西天山构造简图 (a) 和乌孙山地质构造简图 (b)（据文献 [16-18] 修改）

Figure 1. Tectonic sketch map of western Tianshan (a) and geological and tectonic sketch map of Wusun Mountains (b)

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图 2 阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿区地质图（位置见图1b，据文献[24]修改）

Figure 2. Geological map of Pb-Zn-Cu deposit in Arqiale mining area

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图 3 阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿床1号勘探线剖面图（剖面位置见图2，据文献[24]修改）

Figure 3. Cross-section along exploration line No. 1 in Arqiale Pb-Zn-Cu deposit

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图 4 阿尔恰勒矿体典型矿石组构特征

a. 石榴子石矽卡岩被晚期方解石交代；b. 钙铁辉石矽卡岩被后期石英脉穿切；c. 含钙铁辉石、黑柱石和磁铁矿的矽卡岩矿石被方解石交代；d. 硫化物矿石被方解石交代；e. 黄铁矿切穿钙铁辉石矽卡岩；f. 浸染状黄铁矿；g. 脉状闪锌矿切穿黄铁矿集合体；h. 石英脉沿裂隙填充，被晚期方解石穿切；i. 晚期方解石脉穿切含黑柱石和黄铁矿矿石。Py. 黄铁矿；Ccp. 黄铜矿；Sp. 闪锌矿；Gn. 方铅矿；Mt. 磁铁矿；Hd. 钙铁辉石；Ilv. 黑柱石；Ep. 绿帘石；Cal. 方解石；Qz. 石英；Grt. 石榴子石；下同

Figure 4. Typical ore textural and structural characteristics of Arqiale ore body

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图 5 阿尔恰勒矿床矿石矿物显微组构特征

a. 叶片状磁铁矿被赤铁矿、黄铁矿和黄铜矿交代；b. 自形黄铁矿被黄铜矿交代和包含；c. 黄铜矿和闪锌矿交代黑柱石，闪锌矿被黄铜矿交代；d. 闪锌矿交代黑柱石，并被石英细脉穿插；e. 方铅矿与闪锌矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿共生；f. 闪锌矿和黄铜矿交代钙铁辉石；g. 自形石榴子石被石英、方解石和钙铁辉石交代；h. 红棕色闪锌矿被方解石交代；i. 柱状钙铁辉石被闪锌矿交代。Hem. 赤铁矿

Figure 5. Microscopic textural and structural characteristics of ore minerals from Arqiale deposit

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图 6 阿尔恰勒矿床矿物生成顺序

Figure 6. Paragenetic sequence of minerals in Arqiale deposit

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图 7 阿尔恰勒矿床不同世代磁铁矿特征

Figure 7. Characteristics of different generations of magnetite in Arqiale deposit

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图 8 阿尔恰勒矿床不同世代黑柱石镜下特征

a. 黑柱石交代石榴子石；b. 黑柱石与黄铜矿、闪锌矿共生；c. 磁铁矿交代黑柱石；d. 黑柱石与黄铜矿、闪锌矿共生

Figure 8. Microscopic characteristics of different generations of ilvaite in Arqiale deposit

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图 9 阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿床磁铁矿w(Ca+Al+Mn)-w(Ti+V)成因判别图（据文献[26]）

IOCG. 铁氧化物−铜−金型；BIFs. 条带状硅铁建造型；Kiruna. 基鲁纳型铁矿型

Figure 9. Ca+Al+Mn-Ti+V genetic discrimination diagram of magnetite in Arqiale Pb-Zn-Cu deposit

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图 10 黑柱石w(TFeO)-TFeO/(TFeO+MnO)图解

Figure 10. Ilvaite TFeO-TFeO/(TFeO+MnO) content diagram

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图 11 w(Al+Mn)-w(Ti+V)温度图解（底图据文献[26]修改）

Figure 11. Al+Mn-Ti+V temperature diagram

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图 12 在P_f=P_s=50 MPa，a(H₂O)=1，a(Adr)=0.7，a(Fac)=0.8，a(Ilv)=0.7下计算的 Ca-Fe-Si-O-H-C系统的温度相变图（据文献[56]修改）

HM. 赤铁矿−磁铁矿缓冲剂；P_f. 静水压力；P_s. 岩石静压力；NNO. 镍−氧化镍；QFM. 石英−铁橄榄石−磁铁矿；Mag. 磁铁矿；Adr. 钙铁榴石；Fac. 铁阳起石；a. 活度；x（CO₂）. CO₂的摩尔分数；绿色箭头代表“冷却并趋向还原、CO₂活度升高”的退变质流体演化方向

Figure 12. Calculated temperature phase diagram of Ca-Fe-Si-O-H-C system at P_f=P_s=50 MPa, a(H₂O)=1, a(Adr)=0.7，a(Fac)=0.8，a(Ilv)=0.7

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表 1 阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿床磁铁矿电子探针分析数据

Table 1. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) data of magnetite in Arqiale Pb-Zn-Cu deposit w_B/%

样品编号	MgO	CaO	TiO₂	TFeO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	NiO	MnO	Cr₂O₃	V₂O₃	总计
放射状磁铁矿-1	0.01	—	—	91.14	0.19	0.43	—	0.27	—	—	92.03
放射状磁铁矿-2	—	—	0.02	90.51	0.18	0.71	—	0.32	—	—	91.73
放射状磁铁矿-3	0.02	—	—	90.67	0.09	0.14	—	0.27	—	—	91.20
放射状磁铁矿-4	0.01	—	—	90.48	0.36	0.60	—	0.33	—	—	91.78
放射状磁铁矿-5	—	—	—	90.29	0.15	0.44	—	0.32	—	—	91.21
放射状磁铁矿-6	0.02	—	—	90.11	0.37	1.08	—	0.15	—	—	91.73
放射状磁铁矿-7	0.05	—	—	90.96	0.19	0.24	—	0.17	—	0.01	91.61
放射状磁铁矿-8	0.04	—	—	90.46	0.15	0.20	0.01	0.23	0.01	—	91.10
放射状磁铁矿-9	0.01	—	—	92.59	0.02	0.17	0.01	0.24	0.02	—	93.04
放射状磁铁矿-10	—	—	—	90.37	0.01	0.23	—	0.25	—	0.02	90.88
放射状磁铁矿-11	—	—	0.02	90.45	0.01	0.15	—	0.12	0.01	—	90.76
放射状磁铁矿-12	—	—	0.02	90.99	0.12	0.90	—	0.14	—	0.05	92.23
放射状磁铁矿-13	0.01	—	0.04	89.99	0.13	0.72	0.03	0.18	—	0.03	91.13
放射状磁铁矿-14	—	—	0.02	90.37	0.62	0.44	—	0.25	0.02	0.03	91.75
放射状磁铁矿-15	—	—	0.01	90.42	0.22	0.70	—	0.38	0.02	0.04	91.78
粒状磁铁矿-1	—	—	—	90.02	0.44	0.04	—	0.24	—	0.01	90.76
粒状磁铁矿-2	—	—	—	90.36	0.70	—	—	0.23	—	—	91.29
粒状磁铁矿-3	0.03	—	—	89.57	0.41	0.02	—	0.22	—	—	90.25
粒状磁铁矿-4	—	—	0.02	90.07	0.84	0.03	0.02	0.25	—	0.02	91.24
粒状磁铁矿-5	0.03	—	0.02	89.81	1.16	0.06	0.02	0.23	0.03	0.01	91.37
粒状磁铁矿-6	0.01	—	0.05	89.93	1.29	0.02	0.02	0.32	—	—	91.64
粒状磁铁矿-7	—	—	0.09	90.42	1.00	0.03	—	0.26	—	0.02	91.81
粒状磁铁矿-8	—	—	—	90.68	0.27	—	—	0.24	—	—	91.20
粒状磁铁矿-9	—	—	—	91.08	0.42	0.02	—	0.25	—	—	91.77
粒状磁铁矿-10	0.02	—	—	91.05	0.30	—	0.01	0.24	—	0.01	91.63
粒状磁铁矿-11	—	—	—	89.39	0.73	0.01	—	0.26	—	0.01	90.40
粒状磁铁矿-12	—	—	—	90.12	1.03	0.03	0.04	0.22	—	—	91.44
注：“—”表示含量低于检测限，下同

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表 2 阿尔恰勒铅锌铜矿床黑柱石电子探针分析数据

Table 2. EPMA data of ilvaite in Arqiale Pb-Zn-Cu deposit

样品编号	Na₂O	MgO	K₂O	CaO	TFeO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	MnO	Cr₂O₃	TiO₂	总计
样品编号	w_B/%
黑柱石-1	0.01	0.11	0.02	13.43	47.05	29.59	0.21	5.07	0.03	0.06	95.57
黑柱石-2	—	0.02	—	13.64	47.23	29.33	0.06	6.25	—	0.05	96.58
黑柱石-3	—	0.13	—	13.53	48.87	29.37	0.07	4.92	—	0.04	96.93
黑柱石-4	—	0.23	—	13.74	48.88	29.50	0.06	4.05	—	0.04	96.50
黑柱石-5	0.01	0.03	—	13.76	47.63	29.47	0.03	5.84	—	—	96.76
黑柱石-6	0.01	0.06	—	13.82	47.55	29.50	0.06	6.06	0.01	0.02	97.08
黑柱石-7	—	0.16	0.01	13.55	48.06	29.53	0.14	4.55	—	0.03	96.04
黑柱石-8	—	0.44	0.01	13.52	46.35	29.41	0.31	6.51	—	0.16	96.70
黑柱石-9	—	0.22	—	13.48	47.78	29.35	0.10	4.64	0.01	—	95.57
黑柱石-10	0.01	0.23	—	13.63	48.55	29.27	0.18	4.42	—	0.04	96.33
黑柱石-11	0.01	0.23	0.01	13.65	49.36	29.33	0.11	4.05	—	0.01	96.75
黑柱石-12	—	0.15	0.02	13.43	48.41	29.48	0.14	4.89	—	0.01	96.52
黑柱石-13	0.03	0.28	—	13.58	49.46	29.46	0.12	3.88	—	0.08	96.89
黑柱石-14	—	0.21	0.01	13.45	48.94	29.69	0.09	4.28	—	0.01	96.68
黑柱石-15	0.03	0.15	—	13.60	48.58	29.78	0.10	4.29	—	—	96.54

以6个阳离子和8.5个氧原子计算的阳离子数
样品编号	Na	Mg	K	Ca	Fe²⁺	Fe³⁺	Si	Al	Mn	Cr	Ti
黑柱石-1	0	0.01	0	0.98	1.73	0.95	2.01	0.02	0.29	0	0
黑柱石-2	—	0	—	0.99	1.64	1.03	1.98	0.01	0.36	—	0
黑柱石-3	—	0.01	—	0.97	1.71	1.04	1.98	0.01	0.28	—	0
黑柱石-4	—	0.02	—	0.99	1.75	1.01	1.99	0.01	0.23	—	0
黑柱石-5	0	0	—	0.99	1.65	1.03	1.99	0	0.33	—	—
黑柱石-6	0	0.01	—	0.99	1.63	1.03	1.98	0	0.34	0	0
黑柱石-7	—	0.02	0	0.98	1.74	0.98	2.00	0.01	0.26	—	0
黑柱石-8	—	0.04	0	0.97	1.59	1.01	1.98	0.02	0.37	—	0.01
黑柱石-9	—	0.02	—	0.98	1.73	0.99	2.00	0.01	0.27	0	—
黑柱石-10	0	0.02	—	0.99	1.71	1.03	1.98	0.01	0.25	—	0
黑柱石-11	0	0.02	0	0.98	1.73	1.04	1.97	0.01	0.23	—	0
黑柱石-12	—	0.01	0	0.97	1.72	1.01	1.99	0.01	0.28	—	0
黑柱石-13	0	0.03	—	0.98	1.75	1.03	1.98	0.01	0.22	—	0
黑柱石-14	—	0.02	0	0.97	1.76	0.99	2.00	0.01	0.24	—	0
黑柱石-15	0	0.01	—	0.98	1.76	0.98	2.01	0.01	0.25	—	—

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表 3 阿尔恰勒矿床与不同热液型铅锌矿床的矿床特征对比

Table 3. Comparison of deposit characteristics between Arqiale deposit and various hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits

矿床类型	矿体形态	矿石结构构造	矿物组分	围岩蚀变	成矿流体特征	成矿流体来源	资料来源
近端型矽卡岩	囊状、柱状、脉状、透镜体状	交代残余、交代斑状、似海绵陨铁、交代溶蚀等结构，浸染状、块状等构造	金属矿物：磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、辉钼矿、白钨矿；非金属矿物：辉石、石榴子石、绿泥石、角闪石、黑柱石等	矽卡岩化、绿泥石化、硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化	100～700 °C， w_等效（NaCl）为0～60%	早期以岩浆水为主，晚期为大气降水和岩浆水的混合	文献 [75-76]
远端型矽卡岩	层状、似层状、囊状、透镜状	交代残余、交代斑状、交代假象结构，块状、浸染状等构造	金属矿物：黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、赤铁矿；非金属矿物：石榴子石、阳起石、透辉石、透闪石、萤石、滑石、黑柱石等	矽卡岩化、硅化、绿泥石化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化	100～400 °C， w_等效（NaCl）为0～25%	与近端矽卡岩相似，但成矿流体在运移过程中受地层影响更明显	文献 [75-76]
密西西比河谷型（MVT）	层状、似层状、团块状、串珠状、透镜状、不规则状等	粒状、胶状、交代等结构，浸染状、角砾状、块状、网脉状等构造	金属矿物：闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、白铁矿；非金属矿物：白云石、方解石、重晶石、萤石等	白云岩化、方解化和硅化	50～250 °C， w_等效（NaCl）为10%～30%	盆地流体与硅酸盐矿物和有机质的反应以及与大气降水的混合	文献 [4,75,77]
沉积喷流型（SEDEX）	层状、网脉状、脉状、上层下脉	球粒结构和条带状、纹层状、结核状构造	金属矿物：黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、黄铜矿、白铁矿、毒砂；非金属矿物：石英、方解石、白云石、长石等	硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石、绿帘石化、白云岩化、电英岩化	60～280 °C， w_等效（NaCl）为4%～23%	海水为成矿流体的主要来源	文献 [75,77]
阿尔恰勒	层状−似层状、透镜状、部分具有切层特征	交代、自形−半自形、粗粒等结构，块状、浸染状等构造	金属矿物：磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿；非金属矿物：石榴子石、辉石、阳起石、黑柱石、绿泥石、石英、方解石等	钙铁辉石化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、硅化	162～425 °C， w_等效（NaCl）为0.5%～13%	早期以岩浆水为主，晚期为岩浆水和大气降水及层间水的混合	文献[22]

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