宁夏西华山地区金多金属矿综合找矿预测模型：来自地−物−化−遥多源信息的响应

海连富; 柴德亮; 马占龙; 梅超; 李振强; 李明涛; 赵少卿; 母彩霞; 杨旭超

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb202512011

宁夏西华山地区金多金属矿综合找矿预测模型：来自地−物−化−遥多源信息的响应

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb202512011

海连富^{1, 2, 3,},
柴德亮¹,
马占龙^{1, 4, ,},
梅超¹,
李振强¹,
李明涛¹,
赵少卿⁵,
母彩霞¹,
杨旭超¹

1.
宁夏回族自治区矿产地质调查院（自治区矿产地质研究所），银川 750021
2.
宁夏回族自治区地质局，银川 750021
3.
中国地质大学（武汉）地球与行星科学学院，武汉 430074
4.
宁夏师范大学资源环境与生命科学学院，宁夏固原 756099
5.
长江大学地球科学学院，武汉 430100

基金项目: 宁夏回族自治区全职引进高层次人才项目（2024BEH04016）；宁夏回族自治区自然科学基金项目（2025AAC020048）

详细信息

作者简介:
海连富：E-mail：hailianfu@163.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：mazhanlong88@163.com

计量
- 文章访问数: 84
- PDF下载量: 13
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-12-23
- 录用日期: 2026-03-10
- 修回日期: 2026-02-12
- 网络出版日期: 2026-04-13

Integrated prospecting prediction model for gold-polymetallic deposits in Xihuashan area, Ningxia: Insights from multi-source geological-geophysical-geochemical-remote sensing data

1.
Mineral Geological Survey Institute of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia Institute of Mineral Geology), Yinchuan 750021, China
2.
Geological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750021, China
3.
School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
4.
School of Resources Environment and Life Sciences, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan Ningxia 756099, China
5.
School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：hailianfu@163.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：mazhanlong88@163.com

摘要

摘要:
目的
西华山地区地处北祁连造山带东段，是宁夏境内金多金属矿成矿条件优越、矿化点密集分布的重要区域。区内现已发现多处小型金多金属矿床、矿（化）点及物化探异常区，但以往研究多集中于单一矿床成因与地质特征描述，未系统梳理区域控矿规律，且勘查手段较为单一，整体勘查程度偏低，至今未取得重大找矿突破。
方法
本研究在系统梳理区域以往勘查资料与野外实地调查的基础上，剖析区内金多金属矿主要控矿地质因素，融合地质、地球物理、地球化学、高光谱遥感多源数据，搭建地-物-化-遥综合找矿预测模型，并依托该模型完成找矿靶区圈定与有效性验证。
结果
研究表明，西华山地区金多金属矿主要受构造、地层与岩浆活动共同控制：区域发育三级控矿断裂体系，一级NW向区域性断裂为导矿构造，次一级NNW向断裂承担配矿作用，三级NW-NWW向层间断裂为主要容矿构造；断裂与褶皱形成于同一挤压构造背景，后期活化的一级断裂会对已形成矿体造成破坏。地层方面，天都山组为金矿有利赋矿层位，簸箕掌组为铜矿有利层位；加里东期岩浆活动为成矿提供了关键物质、流体来源及热动力条件。物探成果显示，柳沟地区 1∶5千激电异常整体以高极化率为典型特征，高阻-高极化异常大多对应地表浅部矿化蚀变带与含矿脉体，低阻-高极化异常则指示深部硫化物富集带或构造-流体活动迹象。1∶5 万水系沉积物测量圈定出 Au-Cu-Ag-As-Mo、Pb-Au-As-Ag 2类规模大、强度高的元素组合异常；利用主成分分析对 WorldView-3 高光谱遥感数据处理后，提取的铝羟基、碳酸盐化、铁染蚀变异常，与已知矿床空间匹配度较高。
结论
综合地质、地球物理、地球化学、遥感多源信息，本次共圈定 5 处找矿靶区，包含 3 处 Ⅰ 级重点靶区与 2 处 Ⅱ 级潜力靶区。3 处 Ⅰ 级靶区为勘查造山型金多金属矿的核心区域，分别对应两大特征元素组合；Ⅱ 级靶区成矿条件良好，具备一定找矿潜力。岩石化探剖面验证证实异常与矿化体对应关系良好，靶区圈定结果科学可靠，可为区域下一步矿产勘查与深部找矿工作提供重要依据。
- 金多金属矿 /
- 控制因素 /
- 综合找矿预测模型 /
- 找矿靶区 /
- 宁夏西华山地区
Abstract:
Objective
Located in the eastern segment of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, the Xihuashan area is a key metallogenic zone in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, characterized by favorable geological conditions and densely distributed gold-polymetallic mineralization. A number of small-scale gold-polymetallic deposits, mineralized occurrences, and integrated geophysical-geochemical anomalies have been discovered in this region over previous exploration works. Nevertheless, prior studies have mainly focused on the genetic analysis and basic geological characteristics of individual deposits, failing to systematically summarize regional ore-controlling regularities. In addition, traditional exploration relies on single technical methods rather than integrated approaches, leading to a low degree of overall exploration and the absence of significant prospecting breakthroughs for a long time.
Methods
Based on comprehensive collation of historical exploration data and detailed field geological surveys, this study systematically analyzed the dominant ore-controlling factors of local gold-polymetallic deposits. Multiple geoscientific technologies were adopted in this study, including 1:5000 induced polarization (IP) survey, 1:50000 stream sediment geochemical survey, and WorldView-3 (WV-3) hyperspectral remote sensing interpretation via principal component analysis (PCA). On this basis, an integrated prospecting prediction model coupled with multi-source geological, geophysical, geochemical, and remote sensing datasets was constructed, and potential prospecting targets were delineated and verified by rock geochemical profile measurements.
Results
The analytical results revealed that regional gold-polymetallic mineralization was jointly controlled by tectonics, stratigraphy, and magmatic activities. A three-tier fault system dominated ore localization. The first-order NW-striking regional faults acted as major ore-transporting channels, the secondary NNW-striking faults controlled ore distribution, and the third-order NW-NWW striking interlayer fractures were the primary ore-hosting spaces. Faults and folds formed synchronously under a regional compressional tectonic regime, and the reactivation of first-order faults in the late stage caused damage to pre-existing ore bodies. Stratigraphically, the Tiandushan Formation served as the optimal host stratum for gold deposits, and the Bojizhang Formation was the favorable horizon for copper mineralization. Caledonian magmatism activity provided abundant ore-forming materials, hydrothermal fluids, and thermal power for the entire mineralization process. IP surveys at a scale of 1:5 000 in the Liugou area revealed that all anomalies were characterized by high chargeability. The high-resistivity and high-chargeability anomalies were closely associated with shallow mineralized veins and alteration zones, whereas the low-resistivity and high-chargeability anomalies indicated deep-seated sulfide enrichment and active structural-hydrothermal fluid migration. The 1:50 000 stream sediment geochemical survey delineated two large-scale and high-intensity composite geochemical anomalies: Au-Cu-Ag-As-Mo and Pb-Au-As-Ag. Hyperspectral remote sensing data from WV-3, processed by PCA, successfully identified three typical alteration anomalies including hydroxyl group anomalies, carbonatization anomalies, and iron-staining anomalies, which showed excellent spatial correlation with known deposits and mineralized outcrops in the study area.
Conclusion
Integrating all multi-source geological, geophysical, geochemical, and remote sensing information, a total of five prospecting targets are delineated in this study, consisting of three Class I high-priority targets and two Class II potential targets. The three Class I targets are the core areas for prospecting orogenic gold-polymetallic deposits, which correspond to two typical elemental assemblages of Au-Cu-Ag-As-Mo and Pb-Au-As-Ag, respectively. The Class II targets also possess favorable metallogenic conditions and considerable prospecting potential. Field verification using rock geochemical profiles demonstrates that geochemical anomalies have a clear and positive correlation with underground and surface mineralization. The findings prove that the delineation of prospecting targets is scientifically sound and reliable. This integrated research model and target evaluation results can provide solid theoretical support and practical guidance for further regional mineral exploration, deep ore prospecting, and engineering deployment in the Xihuashan area.
- gold-polymetallic deposit /
- controlling factors /
- integrated prospecting prediction model /
- prospecting target area /
- Xihuashan area in Ningxia

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图 1 西华山地区区域地质图

Q. 第四系；N. 新近系；E. 古近系；D. 泥盆系；S. 志留系；D_1-2XS. 泥盆系雪山群；S₃h. 志留系旱峡组；Z₂c. 震旦系曹家山组；Z₂d. 震旦系墩墩梁组；Jxq. 蓟县系泉儿沟组；Jxt. 蓟县系天都山组；Jxm. 蓟县系马场组；Jxb. 蓟县系簸箕掌组；Jxw. 蓟县系五桥沟组；下同

Figure 1. Regional geological map of Xihuashan area

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图 2 西华山地区马场金矿床地质简图(a)和剖面图(b, c)（据文献[21]修改）

a. 地质简图；b. 3007勘查线；c. 3001勘查线

Figure 2. Geological map (a) and profiles (b, c) of Machang gold deposit in Xihuashan area

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图 3 西华山地区马场金矿床典型矿石特征及围岩蚀变（据文献[21]）

a. 蚀变煌斑岩脉；b. 老硐中的含金石英脉，围岩为云母钠长石英片岩；c. 老硐中的含金破碎带；d. 褐铁矿化的云母钠长石英片岩；e. 孔雀石化；f. 石英中的黄铁矿团块

Figure 3. Typical ore characteristics and wall-rock alteration of Machang gold deposit in Xihuashan area

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图 4 西华山地区马场金矿床主要矿物组成（据文献[21]）

Py. 黄铁矿；Ccp. 黄铜矿；Cv. 蓝铜矿；Bn. 斑铜矿；Lm. 褐铁矿；Au. 自然金；Mal. 孔雀石；Mag. 磁铁矿；Q. 石英；Cal. 方解石

Figure 4. Main mineral composition of Machang gold deposit in Xihuashan area

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图 5 西华山地区柳沟金矿床地质简图（据文献[20]修改）

1. 第四系冲洪积或风积物；2. 蓟县系天都山组上段第二层云母钠长石英片岩；3. 蓟县系天都山组上段第一层云母钠长石英片岩；4. 大理岩；5. 石英片岩；6. 绿帘钠长阳起片岩；7. 石英脉；8. 金矿化体及编号；9. 逆断层及编号；10. 性质不明断层及编号；11. 地质界线；12. 地名

Figure 5. Geological sketch map of Liugou gold deposit in Xihuashan area

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图 6 西华山地区柳沟金矿床典型矿（化）体与矿物组成特征

a. 老硐中的含金石英脉；b. 含金石英脉中的黄铁矿脉或黄铁矿团块；c. 黄铁矿与黄铜矿共生；d～f. 半自形−它形粒状黄铁矿，黄铜矿呈它形粒状交代黄铁矿，铜蓝沿黄铜矿边部、裂隙交代

Figure 6. Characteristics of typical ore (mineralized) bodies and main mineral composition of Liugou gold deposit in Xihuashan area

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图 7 西华山地区簸箕掌铜矿床地质简图（据文献[18]修改）

Figure 7. Geological sketch map of Bojizhang copper deposit in Xihuashan area

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图 8 西华山地区簸箕掌铜矿床典型矿（化）体与矿物组成特征

a. 孔雀石化石英脉；b. 石英脉中的蓝铜矿；c. 氧化铜矿石；d. 铜蓝；e. 碳酸盐化，可见黄铜矿；f. 黄铜矿呈它形粒状交代黄铁矿

Figure 8. Characteristics of typical mineralized bodies and main mineral composition of Bojizhang copper deposit in Xihuashan area

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图 9 西华山地区1∶5万高精度磁测推断断裂分布（据文献[36]修改）

Figure 9. Distribution map of inferred faults from 1:50 000 high-precision ground magnetic survey in Xihuashan area

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图 10 西华山地区构造−岩浆演化与金多金属矿成矿模式（据文献[21]修改）

Figure 10. Tectonic-magmatic evolution and metallogenic model for gold-polymetallic deposits in Xihuashan area

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图 11 西华山柳沟地区视极化率η_s等值线及异常图（位置为图5局部区域；据文献[36]修改）

Figure 11. Contour map of apparent polarizability and anomalies of Liugou area in Xihuashan

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图 12 西华山地区1∶5万水系沉积物Au(a)和Cu(b)地球化学图（据文献[36]修改）

Figure 12. Geochemical maps of Au (a) and Cu (b) in 1:50000 stream sediments in Xihuashan area

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图 13 西华山地区1∶5万水系沉积物综合异常图（据文献[36]修改）

Figure 13. Integrated anomaly map of 1:50000 stream sediments in Xihuashan area

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图 14 西华山地区No.3综合化探异常剖析图（Mo-7等为元素异常编号；等值线为元素质量分数，w（Au）单位为10⁻⁹，其余单位为10⁻⁶；f图位置见图13；据文献[36]修改）

Figure 14. Interpretative diagram of No.3 integrated geochemical anomaly in Xihuashan area

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图 15 基于主成分分析的WV-3 遥感异常提取结果

a. Fe³⁺矿物蚀变；b. Fe²⁺矿物蚀变；c. 铝羟基异常；d. 碳酸盐化蚀变

Figure 15. Extraction results of anomaly information from WV-3 data based on principal component analysis

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图 16 西华山地区金多金属矿综合找矿预测图

Figure 16. Integrated prospecting prediction map of gold-polymetallic deposits in Xihuashan area

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图 17 西华山地区柳沟矿区DH1 地质−化探综合剖面图（位置见图16）

Figure 17. Integrated geochemical-geological profile map of DH1 in Liugou gold mining area, Xihuashan area

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表 1 西华山地区典型金多金属矿床成矿地质特征

Table 1. Metallogenic geological characteristics of typical gold-polymetallic deposits in Xihuashan area

矿床（点）名称	成矿/赋矿地质体	矿体形态	控矿构造	成矿元素组合	矿石类型	围岩蚀变	矿石矿物		成矿时代	矿床规模
矿床（点）名称	成矿/赋矿地质体	矿体形态	控矿构造	成矿元素组合	矿石类型	围岩蚀变	金属矿物	非金属矿物	成矿时代	矿床规模
马场金矿	中元古界天都山组云母钠长石英片岩，早志留世煌斑岩脉及相关热液活动；含金煌斑岩脉、含金石英脉和含金碎裂云母钠长石英片岩	脉状、透镜状、扁豆状	NWW向断层	Au为主，Ag次之	石英脉型、蚀变岩型、煌斑岩型	褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、硅化、碳酸盐化、孔雀石化	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、自然金、蓝铜矿、斑铜矿	石英、方解石、磁铁矿、白云母	早志留世（433 Ma，据煌斑岩脉年龄）	小型
柳沟金矿	中元古界天都山组云母钠长石英片岩，早志留世煌斑岩脉及相关热液活动；含金碎裂云母钠长石英片岩、含金石英脉和含金煌斑岩脉	脉状、透镜状	近EW向和NW向断层	Au为主，Ag次之	石英脉型、蚀变岩型、煌斑岩型	褐铁矿化、碳酸盐化、绢云母化、绿泥石化、钠长石化	黄铁矿、黄铜矿、铜蓝、毒砂、斑铜矿和自然金	石英、白云母、方解石、绢云母、绿泥石	早志留世（433 Ma，据煌斑岩脉年龄）	矿点
簸箕掌铜矿	中元古界簸箕掌组含石墨云母石英片岩，热液改造作用（沉积-变质-热液改造）；其中充填的含矿石英脉和方解石脉	脉状	近SN向断层	Cu为主，伴生Au	石英脉型（方解石脉型）	褐铁矿化、孔雀石化、黄铁矿化、硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化	孔雀石、蓝铜矿、黄铜矿、褐铁矿、斑铜矿	石英、方解石、白云母、绢云母	—	矿点

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表 2 西华山地区海原群Au、Cu含量及浓集系数^[37]

Table 2. Au and Cu contents and enrichment coefficients in Haiyuan Group strata of Xihuashan area

岩石类型	样品数	Au		Cu
岩石类型	样品数	w（Au）/10⁻⁹	浓集系数	w（Cu）/10⁻⁶	浓集系数
变质基性火山岩	24	4.89	1.53	133.8	1.54
变质碎屑岩	37	2.87	1.04	40.7	1.23
碳酸盐岩	20	3.24	1.62	19.1	1.12
注：浓集系数=w_B/各岩类标准丰度

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表 3 西华山地区岩石物性参数^[36]

Table 3. Physical property parameters of rocks in Xihuashan area

地层	岩性	视电阻率ρ_s/(Ω•m)		视极化率η_s/%
地层	岩性	范围	均值	范围	均值
Jxq	白云母钠长石英片岩夹少量绿片岩、方解石大理岩	423.9～2528.8	1108.3	0.89～1.73	1.18
Jxt	白云钠长石英片岩矿化蚀变	148.3～1395.1	624.2	0.70～2.28	1.37
	白云钠长石英片岩夹少量大理岩	345.5～1939.1	889.4	1.07～2.39	1.70
	绿片岩	875.0～1272.0	1010.3	1.57～1.64	1.60
Jxm	云母片岩	97.7～552.0	387.0	0.26～1.99	0.97
	褐铁矿化云母片岩	449.0～847.0	641.0	1.17～2.92	1.95
	大理岩	353.0～575.0	454.0	0.11～1.77	1.04

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表 4 西华山地区1∶5万水系沉积物地球化学背景特征^[36]

Table 4. Geochemical background characteristics of 1:50 000 stream sediments in Xihuashan area

元素		标准差	区域背景值	Q	N	E	D	S	Jxq	Jxt	Jxb	Jxw	Jxm
Co	w_B/10⁻⁶	7.75	8.93	9.33	9.69	13.90	3.58	7.31	15.89	13.85	13.83	15.98	6.27
Ni		13.45	17.24	17.26	19.49	24.93	8.09	12.77	31.25	28.49	24.61	28.20	11.55
Cu		53.54	19.11	19.50	21.98	32.10	8.39	13.27	36.50	38.81	61.10	42.10	12.59
Mo		0.84	0.52	0.59	0.87	0.94	0.32	0.33	0.84	1.00	1.11	0.94	0.30
Sb		0.19	0.23	0.26	0.41	0.36	0.31	0.25	0.40	0.36	0.25	0.22	0.22
W		0.70	0.91	0.87	1.06	1.08	1.28	0.87	1.24	1.38	1.03	1.41	0.99
Pb		54.19	13.04	13.42	16.85	18.41	10.68	11.21	40.55	34.24	19.61	15.66	10.02
Bi		0.22	0.17	0.18	0.21	0.22	0.12	0.14	0.36	0.28	0.22	0.24	0.13
Cr		25.97	34.36	35.41	41.85	51.98	16.27	27.24	61.60	56.96	44.00	59.53	24.50
Zn		27.03	34.76	34.58	40.77	53.09	15.12	32.27	61.90	59.10	53.70	60.13	23.96
Sn		0.68	1.82	1.62	1.94	2.07	1.59	1.65	2.33	2.54	1.93	2.42	1.56
Ag		0.13	0.05	0.05	0.07	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.11	0.12	0.09	0.08	0.04
As		19.12	3.85	4.34	15.24	6.17	2.96	2.61	8.93	10.38	6.49	4.71	2.37
Hg	w_B/10⁻⁹	2.88	7.90	8.12	9.09	8.61	8.06	8.31	8.24	8.31	8.02	8.81	8.03
Au	w_B/10⁻⁹	9.00	1.11	1.49	5.65	1.31	1.15	0.99	1.77	4.65	1.48	1.68	1.01

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表 5 西华山地区金多金属矿综合找矿预测模型

Table 5. Integrated prospecting prediction model for gold-polymetallic deposits in Xihuashan area

模型要素		要素具体特征
含矿地质体		金矿主要为含金煌斑岩脉、含金石英脉和含金碎裂云母钠长石英片岩；铜矿主要为石墨化云母石英片岩中充填的含矿石英脉和方解石脉
围岩蚀变		褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化、孔雀石化、绢云母化、硅化
成矿控制因素	构造	三级断裂构造：区域性NW向断裂为主要导矿构造（一级构造），次一级NNW向断裂为配矿构造（二级构造），更次一级NW−NWW向层间断裂为主要赋矿构造（三级构造）
	地层	金成矿有利层位主要为天都山组，铜成矿有利层位主要为簸箕掌组；初始矿源层为中元古界海原群变沉积岩系，尤其是变质基性火山岩；主要赋矿岩性为各类石英片岩
	岩浆活动	加里东期（450～430 Ma）岩浆活动为成矿提供关键物质、流体和热动力来源；煌斑岩脉与成矿关系密切，部分直接构成矿体；成矿时代（433 Ma）与岩浆活动期次耦合
地球物理特征		1∶5千激电测量显示，高极化率是共同特征。高阻−高极化异常多对应地表含矿石英脉及蚀变矿化体；低阻−高极化异常可能指示深部隐伏硫化物富集或石墨化带，是深部找矿的线索
地球化学特征		1∶5万水系沉积物测量中异常强度大、分布范围广的Au-Cu-Ag-As-Mo元素组合异常和Pb-Au-As-Ag元素组合异常
高光谱遥感特征		基于主成分分析的WV-3数据所提取的铝羟基异常、碳酸盐化异常和铁染异常，特别是与已知金多金属矿在空间上吻合较好地区

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表 6 西华山地区 1:2千岩石地球化学测量结果

Table 6. Results of 1:2 000 rock geochemical survey in Xihuashan area

元素		簸箕掌地区，7条剖面，514件样品			柳沟-马场地区，4条剖面，650件样品
元素		极小值	极大值	平均值	极小值	极大值	平均值
Au	w_B/10⁻⁹	0.69	9.89	1.72	0.01	551.30	2.73
Hg	w_B/10⁻⁹	4.04	637.37	18.61	3.67	46.79	16.43
Cu	w_B/10⁻⁶	1.81	>5000.00	78.03	0.50	1116.95	43.30
Pb		0.63	387.10	11.22	0.30	928.35	26.29
Zn		0.28	267.88	41.24	2.72	676.51	59.92
Cr		1.06	348.15	34.37	4.93	524.13	66.27
Ni		1.82	519.50	30.97	5.31	709.32	39.12
Mo		0.19	46.45	2.65	0.26	326.69	7.73
Co		0.49	149.43	10.96	0.50	490.01	15.25
W		0.22	8.85	1.18	0.02	30.12	1.78
Bi		0.05	2.61	0.19	0.05	17.35	0.61
As		0.30	207.28	6.81	0	125.63	4.40
Sb		0.04	22.65	0.27	0.05	123.25	1.64
Sn		1.04	50.00	2.32	0.22	9.36	2.65
Ag		0.03	4.28	0.12	0.012	4.60	0.11

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