克拉克海底扇沉积特征及沉积模式——来自马来西亚沙巴露头区证据

胡涛清; 郑文沛; 向常龙; 解习农

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250440

克拉克海底扇沉积特征及沉积模式——来自马来西亚沙巴露头区证据

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250440

中国地质大学（武汉）海洋学院，武汉 430074

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目“2022-2026 中新世以来南海南部大陆边缘动力过程的沉积响应”（42130408）

详细信息

作者简介:
胡涛清：E-mail：Hutq@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者:
E-mail：xnxie@cug.edu.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 318
- PDF下载量: 15
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-10-08
- 录用日期: 2026-03-13
- 修回日期: 2026-01-08
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-13

Sedimentary characteristics and depositional model of Crocker submarine fan: Evidence from outcrop areas in Sabah, Malaysia

College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：Hutq@cug.edu.cn

Corresponding author: E-mail：xnxie@cug.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
目的
南海南部陆缘属于典型汇聚型大陆边缘，完整记录了从裂陷、漂移到前陆盆地的构造闭合演化过程。晚始新世-渐新世克拉克海底扇（Crocker Fan）是沙捞越碰撞运动形成的大型深水沉积体系，但受露头分散、地震资料缺失限制，其内部沉积相构成、演化机制及沉积模式仍有待系统剖析。
方法
以马来西亚沙巴北部西克拉克组 10 条野外露头剖面为基础，通过野外实测、岩性相与成因相划分、沉积构造识别以及垂向沉积序列对比，系统剖析克拉克海底扇的沉积特征。
结果
西克拉克组以未变质深水海底扇与深海泥质沉积为主，分布于沙巴北部及沙捞越滨岸带，为一套非限定性深水海底扇群。该扇体主要发育砂质高密度浊积岩、泥质低密度浊积岩，局部发育含砾块体流沉积；可识别浊积水道、朵叶、席状砂、块体流等成因相，划分出外扇−扇缘、中扇朵叶复合体、内扇浊积水道−朵叶复合体 3 类沉积组合，垂向上呈现向上变粗的进积序列。朵叶与席状砂中发育不完整鲍马序列，底模构造、深水遗迹化石十分常见，指示浊流事件频发；席状砂−泥岩互层层面大量产出陆源植物碎屑与镜质条带，证明窄陆架背景下滨岸泥炭沼泽物质可高效输送至深水盆地。
结论
保存完好的露头剖面为碰撞前渊窄陆架背景下非限定性富砂海底扇提供了良好研究实例；构造活动既塑造前渊古地貌，也触发多期重力流，共同控制克拉克海底扇群演化，该成果对南海南部陆缘动力学及深水油气储层研究具有参考价值。
- 南海南部边缘 /
- 海底扇 /
- 浊积砂体 /
- 沉积模式 /
- 沙巴
Abstract:
Objective
The southern continental margin of the South China Sea represents a typical convergent margin that archives the complete tectonic transition from rifting and drifting to foreland basin closure. The Late Eocene–Oligocene Crocker Fan was initiated by the Sarawak orogenic collision and constitutes a giant deep-water depositional system developed in northern Borneo. Nevertheless, constrained by scattered distribution of outcrops and the absence of seismic data, the internal facies architecture, evolutionary mechanism, and depositional model of the Crocker Fan remain insufficiently understood.
Methods
This study investigated ten field outcrop sections of the West Crocker Formation in northern Sabah, Malaysia. Integrated approaches including field-based measurement, lithofacies and genetic-facies subdivision, sedimentary structure identification, and vertical depositional sequence correlation were applied to systematically analyze the sedimentary characteristics of the Crocker submarine fan.
Results
The West Crocker Formation was composed mainly of unmetamorphosed deep-water submarine-fan successions and pelagic-hemipelagic mudstone deposits, which cropped out along the coastal belt of northern Sabah and Sarawak. It was interpreted as an unconfined deep-water submarine-fan complex. Two major turbidite associations were recognized: sandy high-density turbidites dominated by fine- to medium-grained sandstones, and argillaceous low-density turbidites dominated by siltstones; gravel-bearing mass-transport deposits occurred sporadically. Four primary genetic facies—turbidite channels, lobes, sheet sands, and mass-transport deposits—were distinguished. Three types of sedimentary assemblages were further classified: outer-fan to fan-fringe assemblage, middle-fan lobe-complex assemblage, and inner-fan turbidite channel-lobe complex assemblage, showing a vertically upward-coarsening progradational sequence. Incomplete Bouma sequences, sole marks, and deep-water trace fossils were widely preserved within lobes and sheet sands, indicating frequent turbidity-current activities. Abundant terrestrial plant debris and vitrinite bands occurred on the bedding surfaces of interbedded sheet sands and mudstones, demonstrating efficient transport of coastal peat-swamp-derived organic materials into deep-water basin settings under a narrow-shelf configuration.
Conclusion
These well-preserved outcrop sections provide a valuable case study for unconfined sand-rich submarine fans developed within collisional foredeep basins with narrow shelves. Tectonic orogenic activities not only construct the foredeep paleotopography but also trigger recurrent gravity-flow events, jointly controlling the evolution of the Crocker submarine fan complex. The findings improve the understanding of depositional processes along the southern convergent margin of the South China Sea and offer insights for deep-water hydrocarbon reservoir prediction in analogous settings.
- southern margin of South China Sea /
- submarine fan /
- turbidite sand body /
- depositional model /
- Sabah

HTML全文

图 1 沙巴北部地质图及地层柱状图（据文献[23-27]）

Figure 1. Geological map and stratigraphic column of northern Sabah

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 西沙巴、中−东北沙巴地区地层柱状图

Lg 为梁组（Liang）；Be 为白赖特组（Belait）；Me 为梅里根组（Meligan）；Se 为塞塔普组（Setap）；Wr 为瓦里乌组（Wariu）；Tx 为腾布隆组（Temburong）；Wc 为西克拉克组（West Crocker）；Ts 为特鲁斯马迪组（Trusmadi）；Sp 为沙普鲁特组（Sapulut）；To 为蒂莫兴组（Timohing）；By 为邦加亚组（Bongaya）；Sb 为南邦吉组（South Banggi）；Kd 为库达特组（Kudat）；Cs 为燧石辉绿岩组（Chert-Spilite）；Sk 为山打根组（Sandankan）；Gr 为加里诺诺组（Garinono）；Lb 为拉芒组（Labang）；Ks 为库拉皮斯组（Kulapis）

Figure 2. Stratigraphic columns of western Sabah and central-northeastern Sabah

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 典型浊积水道 (a、b)、朵叶 (c、d)、席状砂 (e-g) 及块体流 (h) 沉积露头照片

图a，b，d和g位于C剖面；图c，f位于B剖面；图e位于A剖面；图h位于D剖面。剖面位置见图1

Figure 3. Outcrop photographs of typical turbidite channels (a,b), lobes (c,d), sheet sands (e-g), and mass-transport deposits (h)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 克拉克扇外扇−扇缘沉积组合露头 (a-d) 及沉积构造特征 (e)（露头剖面A 位置见图 1）

①等为沉积旋回编号，下同

Figure 4. Outcrops (a-d) and sedimentary structures (e) of outer-fan to fan-fringe sedimentary assemblages of Crocker Fan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 克拉克扇中扇沉积组合露头及沉积构造特征（露头剖面B 位置见图1）

Figure 5. Outcrops and sedimentary structures of middle-fan sedimentary assemblages of Crocker Fan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 克拉克扇内扇沉积组合露头及沉积构造特征（露头剖面C 位置见图1）

Figure 6. Outcrops and sedimentary structures of inner-fan sedimentary assemblages of Crocker Fan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 克拉克扇植物碎屑 (a～c) 与遗迹化石 (d～g)

a. 镜质条带；b. 植物碎片；c. 碳屑；d. Thalassinoides；e. Zoophycos；f. Chondrites；g. Paleodictyon

Figure 7. Plant fragments (a-c) and trace fossils (d-g) from Crocker Fan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 克拉克扇沉积模式

Figure 8. Depositional model of Crocker Fan

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 克拉克海底扇主要岩性相类型及沉积特征

Table 1. Main lithofacies types and sedimentary characteristics of Crocker submarine fan

岩相	描述
块状砂岩相（MS）	主要为灰白色中厚层至厚层中−粗粒砂岩，无粒序或无结构的砂岩，块状构造
含泥质撕裂屑砂岩相（IS）	中−细粒砂岩中夹大量撕裂状泥质碎屑，其中夹有浊流水体携带泥质碎块或沿途冲刷下伏泥质沉积所形成的泥质撕裂片。砂体多为中厚层块状，局部变形明显
递变层理砂岩相（GS）	主要为灰白色中厚层中−细粒砂岩，表现出明显的正粒序构造。层底常见底模构造如槽模，顶部可见生物扰动或微弱纹层，代表重力流快速沉积并逐渐减弱的过程
平行层理细−粗砂岩相（PS）	灰白色至灰绿色中厚层细−粗粒砂岩，发育平行层理，反映稳定低湍流沉积环境，即鲍马序列 B段Tb，多见于席状砂或远端浊积砂体。层理清晰，粒度可变，常与粉砂岩或泥岩互层
波纹交错层理砂岩相（RS）	灰白色中−细粒砂岩，发育波纹交错层理，即鲍马序列C段Tc。常与细粒砂岩或粉砂岩互层
含砾砂岩相（CS）	灰白色中厚层至巨厚层粗砂岩至砾质砂岩，常夹漂砾石，呈块状构造，反映出高能块体流快速搬运并沉积的特征。砾石多为次棱角状，可见滑塌层理或软沉积变形构造
软沉积变形构造砂岩相（DS）	纹层状砂岩或粉砂岩，发育软沉积变形构造
纹层状粉砂岩相（LSS）	灰色至灰黑色粉砂岩，发育水平纹层或波状纹层。常见遗迹化石和生物扰动，与纹层状泥岩互层出现
纹层状粉砂质泥岩相（LSM）	灰黑色薄层泥岩，发育细密水平纹层，可见炭屑、生物扰动痕迹等，表示沉积环境稳定，沉积速率较低

下载: 导出CSV

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