岩石突破压力与破裂压力分析及应用

郭蕴萱; 徐尚; 杨栋; 刘秉昌; 王胜; 吴松

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250353

岩石突破压力与破裂压力分析及应用

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250353

郭蕴萱^1,,
徐尚^1, ,,
杨栋¹,
刘秉昌¹,
王胜²,
吴松³

中国石油大学（华东）山东省深层油气重点实验室，山东青岛 266580
贵州能源集团有限公司，贵阳 550081
贵州乌江能源投资有限公司，贵阳 550081

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金集成项目（U24B6002）；中国石油大学（华东）自主创新研究计划（21CX06001A）；贵州省科技厅2024年基础研究计划青年引导项目（黔科合基础-[2024]青年379）；贵州省2025年度科技成果转化及产业化计划（黔科合成果- [2025]重大009）

详细信息

作者简介:
郭蕴萱：E-mail：2462725286@qq.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：xushang0222@163.com；xushang0222@163.com

中图分类号: TE122.2；P618.13
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- 文章访问数: 274
- PDF下载量: 30
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-07-28
- 录用日期: 2025-09-11
- 修回日期: 2025-08-18
- 网络出版日期: 2025-12-22

Analysis and application of rock breakthrough pressure and fracture pressure

Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Shandong 266580, China
Guizhou Energy Group, Guiyang 550081, China
Guizhou Wujiang Energy Investment Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550081, China

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Author Bio:
E-mail：2462725286@qq.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：xushang0222@163.com；xushang0222@163.com

摘要

摘要:
岩石突破压力与破裂压力是控制油气运移、聚集和成藏的关键参数，同时对 CO₂地质封存的盖层封闭安全性评价具有重要参考价值。目前多数研究分别针对突破压力或者破裂压力开展实验与评价，较少系统对比二者在不同岩性中的差异，以及共同约束油气运移成藏的内在机理。从地质学、岩石物理、岩石力学多学科视角出发，结合室内实验认识与盆地地质实例，系统剖析岩石突破压力与破裂压力的测试手段，对比不同类型岩石2项参数的分布特征，探讨源储剩余压力与2类压力的配置关系对油气运移、聚集过程的控制作用。结果表明：①不同岩性的突破压力与破裂压力差异显著，常规砂岩储层突破压力远低于破裂压力；致密粉砂岩储层二者大小关系复杂；泥页岩受纳米孔喉与力学各向异性控制，突破压力通常高于破裂压力。②源储剩余压力、突破压力、破裂压力的相对大小决定油气运移样式：剩余压力低于2项压力时油气难以发生运移；剩余压力介于突破压力与破裂压力之间，油气发生孔隙稳定渗流；剩余压力大于破裂压力而小于突破压力，油气沿裂缝快速运移；当剩余压力同时高于突破压力和破裂压力时，孔隙与裂缝共同构成油气运移通道。③盆地油气运移聚集划分为稳态连续运移与非稳态幕式运移2类模式，稳态模式下油气依靠孔隙−裂缝网络发生持续渗流；幕式模式发育于超压环境，依靠超压水力裂缝实现油气快速充注成藏。研究成果可为认识常规−非常规油气运移规律、成藏富集机制以及 CO₂封存盖层风险评价提供理论支撑。
- 突破压力 /
- 破裂压力 /
- 油气运移 /
- 成藏机理
Abstract:
Objective
Rock breakthrough pressure and fracture pressure are two fundamental petrophysical and geomechanical parameters that govern hydrocarbon migration and accumulation, and they also provide important references for evaluating the sealing integrity and safety of caprocks in CO₂ geological storage. At present, most existing studies focus on either breakthrough pressure or fracture pressure separately through laboratory experiments and reservoir evaluation. Few publications systematically compare the discrepancies between these two parameters across diverse lithologies or investigate the underlying mechanisms by which they jointly control hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.
Methods
From multidisciplinary perspectives including geology, petrophysics, and rock mechanics, this study integrated laboratory core experimental observations and real-world geological cases from sedimentary basins. It systematically analyzed the available testing techniques for breakthrough pressure and fracture pressure, and compared the distribution characteristics of the two parameters among different rock types. Additionally, this study discussed how the configuration of source-reservoir residual pressure relative to the two critical pressures modulates hydrocarbon transport and accumulation processes.
Results
Experimental datasets showed that ① the relationship between breakthrough pressure and fracture pressure differed significantly among different lithologies. For conventional sandstone reservoirs, breakthrough pressure was far lower than fracture pressure. For tight siltstone reservoirs, no fixed magnitude relationship could be generalized between the two parameters. Controlled by nanoscale pore-throat systems and mechanical anisotropy, mudstone and shale commonly exhibited higher breakthrough pressure than fracture pressure. For instance, measured breakthrough pressure ranges of mudstone and shale were 1.22-30.72, 12.00-68.00 MPa, respectively, while their corresponding fracture pressures fell within 9.83-13.27, 24.63-39.54 MPa. ② The relative magnitudes of source-reservoir residual pressure, breakthrough pressure, and fracture pressure determined hydrocarbon migration patterns. Hydrocarbon migration could hardly occur when residual pressure was below both thresholds. Hydrocarbons migrated through steady pore-dominated seepage if residual pressure was between breakthrough pressure and fracture pressure. Once residual pressure exceeded fracture pressure but remained below breakthrough pressure, hydrocarbons migrated rapidly along newly generated hydraulic fractures. When residual pressure surpassed both values, pores and fractures jointly constituted the hydrocarbon migration pathways. ③ Basin-scale hydrocarbon migration and accumulation could be divided into two modes: steady-state continuous migration and non-steady-state episodic migration. Under the steady-state mode, hydrocarbons underwent persistent percolation via interconnected pore-fracture networks, which was prevalent in conventional reservoirs and the early-charging stage of tight reservoirs. By contrast, episodic migration occurred within overpressured systems, where hydrocarbons were rapidly charged and accumulated through periodically activated hydraulic fractures.
Conclusion
This study provides theoretical support for understanding hydrocarbon migration patterns and accumulation-enrichment mechanisms in conventional and unconventional reservoirs and for evaluating caprock risks in CO₂ geological storage.
- breakthrough pressure /
- fracture pressure /
- hydrocarbon migration /
- hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism

HTML全文

图 1 4种突破压力测试方法^[5-7，24]

Figure 1. Four methods for measuring breakthrough pressure

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 地层漏失测试典型曲线^[15]

Figure 2. Typical curve of formation leak-off testing

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 突破压力和破裂压力测试方法的主要特点

Table 1. Main characteristics of breakthrough pressure and fracture pressure testing methods

压力	方法	适用范围	优缺点
突破压力	压汞法	中−低渗透性岩样	耗时短；准确度不高，结果高于实际值，且需要复杂处理
	分步加压法	中−高渗透性岩样	耗时长；准确度高，结果高于实际值
	连续加压法	中−高渗透性岩样	耗时长；准确度高，结果高于实际值，监测流速
	动态加压法	中−高渗透性岩样	耗时短；准确度较高，结果低于实际值，需要精密仪器，操作复杂
	残余压差法	中−低渗透性岩样	耗时短；准确度不高，结果低于实际值
破裂压力	三轴压缩试验	室内	应力可控，获取应力应变和破裂机理；难完全反映原位条件
	声发射监测	室内或现场	连续性监测岩石破裂过程；易受噪声干扰，精度有限
	微地震监测	现场	反演实际破裂压力，适应复杂条件；信号处理复杂，分辨率较低
	真三轴水力压裂测试	室内	模拟原位应力，精度高；设备要求高，周期长，制样难度大
	地层漏失测试	现场	直接测得破裂压力，应用广泛；精度受钻井液、井壁及渗透性影响

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表 2 不同岩性突破压力和破裂压力数值范围及相对大小关系

Table 2. Numerical ranges and relative magnitude relationships of breakthrough pressure and fracture pressure for different lithologies

岩性	突破压力/MPa	破裂压力/MPa	相对大小关系	参考文献
泥岩	1.22～30.72	9.83～13.27	突破压力 > 破裂压力	文献[37-38]
页岩	12.00～68.00	24.63～39.54	突破压力 > 破裂压力	文献[39-40]
致密砂岩	1.50～5.00	7.37～10.65	突破压力和破裂压力关系复杂	文献[41]
砂岩	0.05～2.50	8.27～13.70	突破压力 < 破裂压力	文献[32，42]
碳酸盐岩	0.22～3.37	34.60～70.60	突破压力 < 破裂压力	文献[34，43]

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