塔里木盆地低地温场成因与不同区带差异机制

朱森; 刘方凯; 谭清文; 朱光有

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250319

塔里木盆地低地温场成因与不同区带差异机制

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250319

朱森^{a, b,},
刘方凯^{a, b},
谭清文^{a, b},
朱光有^{a, b, ,}

a.
长江大学：地球科学学院
b.
长江大学：南方复杂页岩油气地质与开发湖北省重点实验室，武汉 430100

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目（42230812）

详细信息

作者简介:
朱森：E-mail：geozhusen@126.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：zhuguangyou@yangtzeu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P314.2；TE12
计量
- 文章访问数: 341
- PDF下载量: 29
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-07-10
- 录用日期: 2025-12-22
- 修回日期: 2025-10-10
- 网络出版日期: 2025-12-22

Genesis of low geothermal field in Tarim Basin and differential mechanisms across various zones

ZHU Sen^{a, b
,},
LIU Fangkai^{a, b},
TAN Qingwen^{a, b},
ZHU Guangyou^{a, b
, ,}

a.
School of Geosciences, Yangtze University
b.
Hubei Key Laboratory of Complex Shale Oil and Gas Geology and Development in Southern China, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：geozhusen@126.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：zhuguangyou@yangtzeu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
塔里木盆地是我国典型克拉通 “冷盆”，低地温场直接制约深层−超深层油气的烃源岩生烃演化、油气相态保存与油气成藏过程，厘清盆地低地温场形成机理及不同区带地温分异主控机制，对超深层油气勘探具有重要理论价值与现实意义。在系统梳理前人地热研究成果、钻井测温数据、岩石热物性测试以及构造-热演化模拟资料基础上，运用对比归纳分析手段，剖析塔里木盆地现今地温场空间展布、热演化历史、低温形成机制以及各构造单元地温差异的主控因素，揭示低地温背景对深层油气成藏的约束作用。塔里木盆地现今地温场平面表现为 “隆起区偏高、坳陷区偏低”，平均地温梯度 18～21 ℃/km，大地热流 35～45 mW/m²；垂向上地温梯度随地层埋深增加逐步递减，深部碳酸盐岩段地温梯度（约 14 ℃/km）明显低于浅部碎屑岩段（约 22 ℃/km）。盆地自震旦纪整体持续热衰减，二叠纪晚古生代岩浆活动造成地温梯度短暂抬升，中生代之后持续回落并稳定在 20 ℃/km 上下。低地温场受岩石圈热结构、深部动力学、沉积盖层耦合控制，“冷幔冷壳” 克拉通热结构是根本内因；不同构造单元地温差异主控条件不同，库车坳陷受新生代构造活动主导，塔北隆起主要受控于基底起伏；低地温-超高压耦合条件可拓宽烃源岩生烃窗，9 000 m 深度条件下仍可保存液态烃，埋深进一步增大原油将发生大规模裂解。本研究系统阐明盆地低地温场成因与区带分异规律，深化了克拉通盆地超深层生烃-相态演化认识，可为塔里木盆地深层−超深层油气勘探提供关键地热学参考依据。
- 低地温场 /
- 地温梯度 /
- 热演化 /
- 区带差异机制 /
- 油气成藏 /
- 塔里木盆地
Abstract:
Significance
As a typical cratonic "cold basin" in China, the Tarim Basin contains abundant ultra-deep hydrocarbon resources. Its low geothermal field exerts fundamental constraints on source-rock thermal maturation, hydrocarbon phase preservation, and hydrocarbon accumulation processes. Clarifying the formation mechanisms of the basin's low geothermal field and the main controlling mechanisms of geothermal differences across tectonic zones is of great theoretical and practical significance for ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration.
Progress
This study systematically compiles and synthesizes published borehole temperature measurements, rock thermophysical parameters, tectono-thermal evolution results, and relevant geothermal literature. By means of comparative analysis and inductive analysis, it reviews the spatial distribution characteristics of present-day geothermal fields, reconstructs regional thermal evolutionary history, and synthesizes the genetic mechanisms for the low-temperature background. Additionally, it distinguishes the main controlling factors of geothermal differences across various tectonic units and further summarizes the constraining effects of low geothermal conditions on deep hydrocarbon accumulation. The results show that the present-day geothermal field exhibits a planar distribution pattern characterized by higher values in uplift zones and lower values in depression zones, with an average geothermal gradient of 18-21 °C/km and terrestrial heat flow values of 35-45 mW/m². Vertically, geothermal gradients gradually decrease with increasing burial depth. Deep carbonate intervals have gradients of approximately 14 °C/km, distinctly lower than those of the shallow clastic sequences (approximately 22 °C/km). Since the Sinian, the basin has experienced long-term regional thermal decay, interrupted by a short-lived geothermal pulse triggered by Permian magmatic events. Thereafter, geothermal gradients gradually declined and stabilized at roughly 20 °C/km from the Mesozoic onward. The low-temperature geothermal background is controlled by the coupled effects of lithospheric thermal architecture, deep geodynamic processes, and sedimentary cover properties. The “cold-mantle and cold-crust” cratonic lithosphere is the fundamental internal cause. Long-term lithospheric cooling since the Permian and the suppression of heat transport induced by Cenozoic intracontinental compression collectively reinforced the cold thermal setting, and thick sedimentary sequences provided additional thermal-blanketing effects. Geothermal differences are controlled by distinct dominant mechanisms in different tectonic units. Geothermal signatures in the Kuqa Depression are mainly governed by Cenozoic orogenic tectonic activities, while the Tabei Uplift is dominated by basement-topography variations. The coupling of low geothermal gradient and overpressure can broaden the effective hydrocarbon-generation window for source rocks. Liquid hydrocarbons can be stably preserved at burial depths of up to 9000 m, whereas further increases in burial depth will trigger extensive thermal cracking of crude oil into gas.
Conclusion and Prospect
This study systematically clarifies the origin and zonal differential patterns of the low geothermal field, advances the understanding of source-rock thermal maturation and hydrocarbon phase evolution within cratonic ultra-deep settings, and provides critical geothermal references for future deep-to-ultra-deep hydrocarbon exploration in the Tarim Basin.
- low geothermal field /
- geothermal gradient /
- thermal evolution /
- zonal differential mechanism /
- hydrocarbon accumulation /
- Tarim Basin

HTML全文

图 1 塔里木盆地构造单元划分、基底岩性和基底埋深图

Ⅰ. 库车坳陷；Ⅱ. 塔北隆起（Ⅱ-1. 轮台凸起，Ⅱ-2. 英买力低凸起，Ⅱ-3. 轮南低凸起；Ⅱ-4. 库尔勒凸起）；Ⅲ. 北部坳陷（Ⅲ-1. 阿瓦提断陷，Ⅲ-2. 顺托果勒低隆，Ⅲ-3. 满加尔坳陷，Ⅲ-4. 孔雀河斜坡）；Ⅳ. 中央隆起（Ⅳ-1. 巴楚隆起，Ⅳ-2. 卡塔克隆起，Ⅳ-3. 塘古巴斯坳陷，Ⅳ-4. 古城墟隆起）；Ⅴ. 西南坳陷（Ⅴ-1. 喀什凹陷，Ⅴ-2. 莎车隆起，Ⅴ-3. 叶城凹陷，Ⅴ-4. 麦盖提斜坡）；Ⅵ. 东南隆起；Ⅶ. 东南坳陷

Figure 1. Tectonic unit division, basement lithology, and burial depth of Tarim Basin

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图 2 塔里木盆地0～3000 m现今地温梯度(a)与大地热流(b)及基底埋深分布图^[7]

Figure 2. Present-day geothermal gradient (a) and terrestrial heat flow (b) at 0-3000 m and basement burial depth distribution of Tarim Basin

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图 3 热岩石圈厚度计算方法

Figure 3. Calculation method of thermal lithosphere thickness

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图 4 塔里木盆地古生代以来构造演化与岩浆活动^[41]

Figure 4. Tectonic evolution and magmatic activity in Tarim Basin since Paleozoic

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图 5 塔里木盆地不同层位岩石热导率(a)和生热率(b)直方图^[10]

N. 新近系；E. 古近系；K. 白垩系；J. 侏罗系；T. 三叠系；P. 二叠系；C. 石炭系；D. 泥盆系；S. 志留系；O. 奥陶系；∈. 寒武系；Z. 震旦系；下同

Figure 5. Histograms of thermal conductivity (a) and heat production rate (b) of rocks from different stratigraphic horizons in Tarim Basin

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图 6 塔里木盆地前陆区(a)和台盆区(b)埋藏−热演化史^[51]

Figure 6. Burial history and thermal history of foreland area (a) and platform-basin area (b) in Tarim Basin

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图 7 轮探1井（LT1井）寒武系玉尔吐斯组烃源岩不同时期生烃强度^[77]

Figure 7. Hydrocarbon generation intensity of source rocks in Cambrian Yuertusi Formation of Well Luntan 1 (LT1) during different periods

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图 8 原油热裂解相态转变与天然气生成热力学模型^[79]

Figure 8. Thermodynamic model of phase transformation during crude oil thermal cracking and natural gas generation

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表 1 不同方法求取的塔里木盆地热岩石圈厚度

Table 1. Thermal lithosphere thickness of Tarim Basin obtained by different calculation methods

文献来源	热岩石圈厚度/km	研究方法
[29]	95～150	玄武岩固相线方程计算
[30]	250	上地幔温度随深度的分布线性外推所得到的1300℃绝热等温温度
[28]	140～170	地震热学方法
[6]	205～230	结合实测地表热流、岩石力学参数以及热传导与流变学模型计算
[31]	104～159	结合岩石热物性参数、热演化参数和地壳结构等资料计算
[7]	170～190	结合岩石热物性参数、实测地表热流及地壳结构等资料计算
[32]	172～190	结合岩石热物性参数、实测地表热流及建立的几何模型等资料计算
[33]	140～207	稳态热传导方程和地幔绝热线交点法计算

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表 2 塔里木盆地各构造层岩石热导率、生热率及热流贡献率

Table 2. Thermal conductivity, heat production rate, and heat flow contribution ratio of rocks in different tectonic layers of Tarim Basin

分层	沉积层	地壳	地幔
深度/km	[0, 8)	[8, 45)	[45, 190]
热导率/(W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹)	2.3	2.5	3.4
生热率/(μW·m⁻³)	1.12	0.51	0.03
热流密度/(mW·m⁻²)	9	19	15
热流贡献率/%	21	44	35

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表 3 塔里木盆地不同岩性岩石热导率与生热率参数^[10]

Table 3. Thermal conductivity and heat production rate of rocks with different lithologies in Tarim Basin

岩性	热导率K/(W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹)		生热率A/(μW·m⁻³)
岩性	范围	均值	范围	均值
泥岩	1.04～4.28	2.09±0.40	0.58～3.16	1.94±0.61
砂岩	0.52～4.40	1.94±0.68	0.13～2.58	0.94±0.27
灰岩	1.11～5.32	2.54±0.33	0.07～1.48	0.37±0.19
白云岩	1.81～4.78	3.44±0.34	0.15～1.42	0.44±0.01
膏岩	3.20～5.12	4.62±0.35	—	—

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表 4 塔里木盆地典型超深层钻井温压条件与油气相态特征

Table 4. Temperature-pressure conditions and hydrocarbon phase characteristics of typical ultra-deep wells in Tarim Basin

地区	井号	层位	深度/m	温度/℃	压力/MPa	油气相态	文献来源
轮南低凸起	轮探1井（LT1井）	吾松格尔组（∈₁w）	8203～8260	162	90.8	轻质原油	[71]
顺托果勒低隆起	SB84X井	鹰山组（O_1-2y）	8334～9195	190	87.1	轻质原油	[81]
轮南低凸起	TS5井	奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）	8 780～8 840	179	95.1	轻质−凝析油	[82]

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