塔里木盆地旗探1井寒武系−震旦系源储系统流体演化与油气成藏机制

陈笑; 黄亚浩; 赵海涛; 王濡岳; 何治亮; 邓兴梁; 张延延; 文志刚; 徐耀辉; 宁宇宁

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250304

塔里木盆地旗探1井寒武系−震旦系源储系统流体演化与油气成藏机制

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250304

长江大学油气地球化学与环境湖北省重点实验室，武汉 430100
中国石油天然气股份有限公司塔里木油田分公司，新疆库尔勒 841000
中国石油化工集团有限公司勘探开发研究院，北京 102206
中国地质大学（武汉）资源学院，武汉 430074

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42302154）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈笑：E-mail：1043440046@qq.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：hyhtr08916@163.com

计量
- 文章访问数: 249
- PDF下载量: 23
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-06-30
- 录用日期: 2026-02-27
- 修回日期: 2026-02-10
- 网络出版日期: 2026-02-27

Fluid evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms of Cambrian-Sinian source-reservoir system in Well Qitan-1, Tarim Basin

Hubei Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla Xinjiang 841000, China
SINOPEC Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 102206, China
School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：1043440046@qq.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：hyhtr08916@163.com

摘要

摘要:
目的
深层−超深层油气具有漫长的流体演化过程与复杂的成藏机理。塔里木盆地是我国典型的深层−超深层油气勘探领域，但仅有少数钻井钻遇下古生界震旦−寒武系烃源岩与储集层，缺乏针对震旦−寒武系油气 “从源到储” 全过程的流体演化同位素年代学约束，制约了对塔里木盆地万米深层油气成藏机理的深入认识。
方法
以旗探 1 井寒武系玉尔吐斯组、震旦系奇格布拉克组烃源岩-储层岩心内孔缝洞充填脉体为研究对象，厘定多期脉体的流体来源与成因；综合利用流体包裹体分析、碳酸盐矿物 U-Pb 同位素定年以及固体沥青 Re-Os 同位素定年技术，揭示深层油气动态成藏演化过程。
结果
塔北地区寒武系玉尔吐斯组烃源岩发育两期裂缝方解石脉，稀土元素与锶同位素特征指示两期脉均为热液成因，流体来源于深部富锶流体体系；震旦系奇格布拉克组储层发育两期白云石孔洞充填脉，地球化学特征指示两期脉沉淀流体属于地层成岩流体，其中第 Ⅱ 期白云石脉锶同位素组成指示流体混入寒武纪同期海水组分。烃源岩第 Ⅰ 期方解石脉（466±5 Ma）与储层第 Ⅰ 期白云石脉（460±10 Ma）矿物形成于中奥陶世，该套早期脉体后期被油气充注改造并捕获油包裹体，证实原油于二叠纪（海西期）发生初次充注，源-储匹配关系良好。烃源岩第 Ⅱ 期方解石脉（263±69 Ma）与储层第 Ⅱ 期白云石脉（55±15 Ma）均发育大量油包裹体，结合埋藏史模拟，确定第二期大规模油气充注发生于中新世，生烃与成藏具备良好时空耦合关系。储层中晚于第 Ⅱ 期白云石脉产出大量固体残余沥青（30±14 Ma），表明震旦系古油气藏在渐新世早期发生破坏与调整改造，受控于喜马拉雅期构造抬升作用。
结论
本研究开展系统同位素年代学与流体演化分析，为厘清下古生界震旦−寒武系烃源岩生烃、排烃、储层油气成藏及保存全过程提供了直接实验证据。
- 流体包裹体 /
- 同位素年代学 /
- 源−储系统 /
- 油气成藏 /
- 深层−超深层油气 /
- 塔里木盆地
Abstract:
Objective
Deep-to-ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoirs are characterized by long-term fluid evolution histories and complex hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms. The Tarim Basin is a typical exploration target for deep-to-ultra-deep hydrocarbons in China. However, only a small number of boreholes have penetrated the Lower Paleozoic Sinian-Cambrian source rocks and reservoirs. At present, direct isotopic chronological constraints on the complete source-to-reservoir fluid evolution and hydrocarbon charging processes remain scarce, which restricts the in-depth understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms at depths of 10 000 m within the Tarim Basin.
Methods
This study focused on fracture- and vug-filling vein minerals in core samples from the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (source rock) and the Sinian Qigebulake Formation (reservoir) of Well Qitan-1 (QT-1). The fluid sources and genesis of multiple generations of veins were identified. Multiple analytical approaches were integrated, including petrographic observation of fluid inclusions, micro-in-situ U-Pb dating of carbonate veins, Re-Os isotopic dating of solid bitumen, REE-Sr isotopic geochemistry, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and basin burial-thermal-history modelling, to reconstruct the dynamic hydrocarbon accumulation sequence of deep source-reservoir systems.
Results
Two generations of fracture-filling calcite veins were developed in the Cambrian Yuertusi Formation source rocks of northern Tarim. REE and Sr-isotopic signatures indicated that both calcite veins were of hydrothermal origin, precipitated from deep Sr-rich fluid systems. Correspondingly, two generations of pore-filling dolomite veins occurred in the Sinian Qigebulake Formation reservoir. Geochemical proxies indicated that these dolomite veins precipitated from formation diagenetic fluids, and the Sr-isotopic compositions of the second-generation dolomite veins recorded fluid mixing with contemporaneous Cambrian seawater. The first-generation calcite vein in the source rocks (466 ± 5 Ma) and the first-generation dolomite vein in the reservoirs (460 ± 10 Ma) crystallized during the Middle Ordovician. These early-formed veins were later modified by hydrocarbon charging and trapped oil inclusions, which recorded the primary oil-charge event during the Permian (Hercynian), indicating good source-reservoir matching. Burial-thermal modelling revealed that the Yuertusi Formation source rocks reached the oil-generation threshold in the Carboniferous. Both the second-generation calcite vein in the source rocks (263 ± 69 Ma) and second-generation dolomite vein in the reservoirs (55 ± 15 Ma) contained abundant oil inclusions. Constrained by burial-history simulation, the large-scale secondary hydrocarbon charging event took place in the Miocene, showing good spatiotemporal coupling between hydrocarbon generation and accumulation. A large amount of solid residual bitumen occurring after the second-generation dolomite veins in the reservoirs yielded a Re-Os age of 30 ± 14 Ma, documenting the destruction and readjustment of Sinian paleo-hydrocarbon reservoirs in the early Oligocene driven by Himalayan tectonic uplift.
Conclusion
This study conducts systematic isotopic-chronology and fluid evolution analyses for deep source-reservoir intervals in the Tarim Basin. It provides direct experimental evidence for reconstructing the whole process of hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, accumulation, and preservation within the Lower Paleozoic Sinian-Cambrian source-reservoir system.
- fluid inclusion /
- isotope chronology /
- source-reservoir system /
- hydrocarbon accumulation /
- deep-to-ultra-deep hydrocarbons /
- Tarim Basin

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图 1 塔里木盆地旗探1井（QT1井）地质综合图

E. 古近系；K. 白垩系；J. 侏罗系；T. 三叠系；P. 二叠系；C. 石炭系；S. 志留系；O₃. 上奥陶统；O₁-₂. 下−中奥陶统；Є₂_-₃. 中−上寒武统；Є₁. 下寒武统；Z. 震旦系；下同

Figure 1. Comprehensive geological diagram of Well QT1 in Tarim Basin

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图 2 QT1井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组（Є₁y）透射光显微照片和阴极发光照片

a．裂缝充填型脉体，5968 m；b，c. 2期方解石脉透射光显微照片：第Ⅰ期方解石脉透射光下呈灰黑色，第Ⅱ期方解石脉透射光下呈灰白色，5968 m； d，e. 对应图 b，c 的阴极发光照片：第Ⅰ期方解石胶结物阴极发光为无色−暗棕色，第Ⅱ期方解石胶结物阴极发光基本不发光，5968 m

Figure 2. Transmitted-light and cathodoluminescence microphotographs of Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (Є₁y) in Well QT1

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图 3 QT1井上震旦统奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）透射光显微照片和阴极发光照片

a. 孔洞型脉体，6002.5 m；b，c. 2期鞍状白云石脉透射光显微照片：第Ⅰ期鞍状白云石透射光下呈灰色，第Ⅱ期鞍状白云石透射光下呈灰白色，晶间孔隙可见固态沥青充填，6002.5 m；d，e. 对应图 b，c 的阴极发光照片：第Ⅰ期白云石胶结物阴极发光为暗红色−亮红色，第Ⅱ期鞍状白云石胶结物阴极发光同样呈暗红色−亮红色，6002.5 m

Figure 3. Transmitted-light and cathodoluminescence microphotographs of Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation (Z₂q) in Well QT1

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图 4 QT1井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组（Є₁y）与上震旦统奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）脉体U-Pb定年结果(a～e)及沥青Re-Os定年结果(f)

Є₁y-Cal-Ⅰ，Є₁y-Cal-Ⅱ分别为下寒武统玉尔吐斯组第Ⅰ期、第Ⅱ期方解石；Z₂q-Dol-Ⅰ，Z₂q-Dol-Ⅱ分别为上震旦统奇格布拉克组第Ⅰ期、第Ⅱ期白云石；下同

Figure 4. U-Pb dating results of veins (a-e) and Re-Os dating results of solid bitumen (f) for Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (Є₁y) and Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation (Z₂q) in Well QT1

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图 5 QT1井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组（Є₁y）和上震旦统奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）稀土元素PAAS配分模式图(a, b)、La/Ho-Y/Ho交汇图(c)和Sr同位素特征图(d)

Figure 5. PAAS-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns (a, b), La/Ho-Y/Ho cross-plot (c), and Sr-isotope characteristics (d) of Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (Є₁y) and Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation (Z₂q) in Well QT1

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图 6 QT1井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组（Є₁y）和上震旦统奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）流体包裹体岩相学特征

a，b. 烃源岩（Є₁y）2期方解石脉油包裹体荧光照片：第Ⅰ期方解石脉发育次生绿色油包裹体，第Ⅱ期方解石脉发育次生蓝色油包裹体，5968 m；c. 烃源岩（Є₁y）第Ⅱ期方解石脉次生蓝色油包裹体典型照片，5968 m；d. 储层（Z₂q）2期白云石脉和固态沥青透射光照片，6002.5 m；e，f.储层（Z₂q）第Ⅰ期白云石脉原生绿色油包裹体和次生蓝色油包裹体荧光照片，6002.5 m；g，h. 储层（Z₂q）第Ⅱ期白云石脉原生绿色油包裹体荧光照片，6002.5 m；i. 储层（Z₂q）第Ⅱ期白云石脉次生蓝色油包裹体荧光照片，6002.5 m

Figure 6. Petrographic characteristics of fluid inclusions from Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (Є₁y) and Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation (Z₂q) in Well QT1

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图 7 QT1井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组（Є₁y）和上震旦统奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）油包裹体荧光光谱图

图底部横向彩色色标为油包裹体荧光颜色渐变标尺，从左至右由红橙色向蓝紫色连续过渡，与纵坐标基于λ_max和QF₅₃₅划分的等效镜质体反射率R_o荧光成熟度分区一一匹配

Figure 7. Fluorescence spectral characteristics of oil inclusions from Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (Є₁y) and Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation (Z₂q) in Well QT1

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图 8 QT1井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组（Є₁y）和上震旦统奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）流体包裹体均一温度直方图

Figure 8. Histograms of fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures of Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (Є₁y) and Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation (Z₂q) in Well QT1

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图 9 QT1 井下寒武统玉尔吐斯组（Є₁y）烃源岩和上震旦统奇格布拉克组（Z₂q）储层流体-油气成藏演化示意图

a. 烃源岩（Є₁y）第Ⅰ期方解石脉体及包裹体发育情况；b. QT1井烃源岩（Є1y）第Ⅱ期方解石脉体及包裹体发育情况；c. QT1井储层（Z₂q）第Ⅰ期白云石脉体及包裹体发育情况；d. QT1井储层（Z₂q）第Ⅱ期白云石脉体及包裹体发育情况；e. QT1井储层（Z₂q）2期白云石脉体、固体沥青及其包裹体发育情况。

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of fluid evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation evolution of source rocks of Lower Cambrian Yuertusi Formation (Є₁y) and reservoirs of Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation (Z₂q) in Well QT1

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图 10 QT1 井成岩−油气成藏事件时间序列图

Є. 寒武系；O. 奥陶系；D. 泥盆系；N. 新近系；Q. 第四系

Figure 10. Time-sequence diagram of diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation events in Well QT1

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