投审稿入口
Semi-physical model tests of collapses induced by leakage from fractured underground pipelines in red clay areas under different flow rate conditions
-
摘要:
红黏土地区由地下管道断裂渗漏诱发的地面塌陷灾害频发，严重威胁城市公共安全，造成生命与财产损失。现有管道渗漏致塌模型试验多针对砂土、粉土开展，针对红黏土介质，不同管道流量控制下的塌陷演化机理仍有待深入。以贵州红黏土为研究对象，开展 6 组不同管道流量的半结构化物理模型试验，固定管道全断面断裂模式与覆盖层厚度；综合采用高速相机、土压力传感器、孔隙水压力传感器、激光位移计开展全过程监测，获取土体宏观变形破坏、湿润锋运移、土压力−孔隙水压力响应以及地表位移演化特征。在管道断裂条件保持一致时，管道流量减小会削弱渗漏水流对土体的掏蚀搬运能力，土体侵蚀速率降低，湿润锋运移机制发生转变，土洞优势发育方向由水平转向竖向，发生塌陷的临界覆盖层厚度随之降低；当流量低于临界值时，仅发育土洞而不会发生地面塌陷。管道流量较高工况无明显土拱效应，小管道流量工况土洞发育过程可形成显著土拱效应；塌陷发生前地表位移微弱，灾害表现出较强隐蔽性；不同管道流量下发生塌陷的工况，致塌模式均为渗漏水流顶破上覆土层。同时，随管道流量改变，孔隙水压力优先响应的监测点位随湿润锋扩展方向发生转换。本研究揭示了红黏土介质中管道流量对土洞演化、应力渗流响应及致塌模式的控制机理，可为城市地下管道全生命周期安全监测、地面塌陷风险预警及工程防控方案制定提供理论依据。
Abstract:ObjectiveGround collapse triggered by leakage from fractured underground pipelines frequently occurs in red clay areas worldwide, posing severe threats to urban public safety and causing human casualties and property losses. Physical model tests investigating pipeline-leakage-induced ground collapse have mainly focused on sandy or silty soils in existing studies. Nevertheless, the collapse evolution mechanisms at different pipe flow rates under red clay geological conditions remain insufficiently understood. To fill this research gap, this study carries out targeted physical model experimental research.
MethodsSix groups of semi-structured physical model tests under different pipe flow rate conditions were performed using Guizhou red clay as the test material, with full-section pipeline fracture mode and constant overburden thickness kept unchanged throughout all groups. Multiple monitoring instruments, including high-speed cameras, soil pressure sensors, pore water pressure sensors, and laser displacement sensors, were deployed to continuously record multi-field information. The monitored items covered macroscopic soil deformation and failure patterns, wetting front migration behaviors, coupled responses of soil pressure and pore water pressure, and evolutionary characteristics of ground surface displacement.
ResultsUnder identical pipeline fracture boundary conditions, the increase or decrease of the pipe flow rate exerted prominent control over the erosion and transport capacity of seepage water. As pipe flow rate decreased, soil erosion rate dropped, the migration mechanism of the wetting front transformed, and the dominant development direction of subsurface soil cavities shifted from horizontal toward vertical. Meanwhile, the critical overburden thickness required for collapse occurrence decreased accordingly. When the pipe flow rate fell below a critical threshold, soil cavities still developed inside the stratum, whereas ground collapse did not take place. Distinct soil arching behaviors were observed among different pipe flow rate groups. No significant soil arching effect occurred under high-flow-rate conditions, while well-developed soil arches formed during cavity expansion in low-flow-rate tests. Surface displacement remained extremely weak before collapse occurred, demonstrating the high concealment and suddenness of this geohazard. For those test groups where collapse finally occurred, the failure mode was characterized by overburden breaching driven by continuous seepage water. In addition, the first response location of pore water pressure sensors varied with the changing direction of wetting front migration.
ConclusionThis study reveals the mechanisms by which pipe flow rate controls cavity evolution, hydro-mechanical coupling responses, and final collapse modes in red clay strata. The findings can provide theoretical support for full-life-cycle safety monitoring of urban underground pipelines, ground-collapse risk early warning, and the formulation of corresponding engineering prevention and control measures.
-
Key words:
- red clay /
- pipeline leakage /
- ground collapse /
- physical experiment /
- collapse mode /
- pipe flow rate
-
图 1 红黏土地区管道渗漏诱发地面塌陷示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of ground collapse induced by pipeline leakage in red clay areas
图 4 不同管道流量工况下半物理模型宏观变形破坏特征
a1～f1. 土体湿润；a2～f2. 土洞形成；a3～f3. 土洞发育；a4～e4，a5～e5. 塌陷发生；f4，f5. 土洞稳定。红色虚线为土洞边界；工况1～6管道流量见表2，下同
Figure 4. Macroscopic deformation and failure characteristics of semi-physical model under different pipe flow rate conditions
图 5 不同管道流量工况下土体湿润锋演化特征（a～c. 工况1～3；d～f. 工况4～6。蓝色虚线为土体湿润锋边界）
Figure 5. Evolution characteristics of soil mass wetting front under different pipe flow rate conditions
图 6 不同工况条件下土压力变化曲线
Ⅰ～Ⅳ代表物理模型宏观变形破坏4个阶段，分别为土体湿润、土洞形成、土洞发育和塌陷发生（土洞稳定），其中工况1～5第Ⅳ阶段为塌陷发生，工况6第Ⅳ阶段为土洞稳定，见图4；S1～S6为土压力传感器编号；下同
Figure 6. Variation curves of soil pressure under different working conditions
图 7 不同工况条件下孔隙水压力变化曲线（P1，P2为孔隙水压力传感器编号）
Figure 7. Variation curves of pore water pressure under different working conditions
图 8 不同工况条件下地表位移变化曲线（D1，D2为激光位移传感器编号）
Figure 8. Variation curves of surface displacement under different working conditions
图 10 不同工况下土洞尺寸及塌陷坑范围
Figure 10. Soil cavity size and collapse pit extent under different working conditions
表 1 红黏土物理力学参数
Table 1. Physical and mechanical parameters of red clay
天然密度/
(g·cm−3)干密度/
(g·cm−3)含水
率/%液限/
%塑限/
%黏聚
力/kPa内摩擦
角/(°)渗透系数/
(10−6m·s−1)1.87 1.48 25.7 39.7 15.7 30.2 10.2 8.33 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 模型试验方案
Table 2. Model test schemes
试验工况
名称管道流量/
(m3·h−1)覆盖层
厚度/cm管道断裂
间距/cm管道破坏
方式工况1 13.0 12 1 全断面断裂 工况2 11.8 工况3 10.6 工况4 9.4 工况5 8.2 工况6 7.0
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 张丽芬, 曾夏生, 姚运生, 等. 我国岩溶塌陷研究综述[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 2007, 18(3): 126-130. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-8035.2007.03.027ZHANG L F, ZENG X S, YAO Y S, et al. Review on karst collapse in China[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2007, 18(3): 126-130. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-8035.2007.03.027 [2] 刘前明. 贵州红粘土工程地质特征探讨[J]. 中国煤田地质, 2002, 14(2): 47-48. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-1803.2002.02.018LIU Q M. Discussion on engineering geological characteristics of Guizhou red clay[J]. Coal Geology of China, 2002, 14(2): 47-48. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-1803.2002.02.018 [3] 王发, 聂云鹏, 陈洪松, 等. 典型喀斯特白云岩小流域土壤−表层岩溶带厚度空间异质性特征[J]. 地质科技通报, 2024, 43(1): 306-314. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20220399WANG F, NIE Y P, CHEN H S, et al. Spatial heterogeneity characteristics of soil-epikarst thickness in a typical karst dolomite small watershed[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2024, 43(1): 306-314. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20220399 [4] 潘凯, 谢春庆, 谭洵, 等. 岩溶分布区地面塌陷成因机制分析: 以黔东南某机场飞行区为例[J]. 三峡大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 44(2): 56-63. doi: 10.13393/j.cnki.issn.1672-948X.2022.02.009PAN K, XIE C Q, TAN X, et al. Study on the cause mechanism of ground collapse in karst distribution area: Taking the flight area of an airport in Southeast Guizhou as an example[J]. Journal of China Three Gorges University (Natural Sciences), 2022, 44(2): 56-63. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.13393/j.cnki.issn.1672-948X.2022.02.009 [5] 刘恒. 贵州红粘土工程地质特征[J]. 世界有色金属, 2016(7): 53-54.LIU H. Guizhou red clay engineering geological characteristics[J]. World Nonferrous Metals, 2016(7): 53-54. (in Chinese with English abstract) [6] LIU B C, WANG L Y, ZHOU H F, et al. Experimental study on disintegration of Guilin red clay[J]. Sustainability, 2023, 15(10): 7833. doi: 10.3390/su15107833 [7] CHENG Y Z, YANG G Y, LONG Z L, et al. Dynamic characteristics of overconsolidated remolded red clay in Southwest China: An experimental study[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2022, 81(5): 176. doi: 10.1007/s10064-022-02683-2 [8] ZHANG Z L, WANG T, WU S R, et al. Dynamics characteristic of red clay in a deep-seated landslide, Northwest China: An experiment study[J]. Engineering Geology, 2018, 239: 254-268. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.005 [9] 朱菲菲, 靳艳彩, 颉飞. 红黏土特性及物理力学指标差异性研究[J]. 资源环境与工程, 2013, 27(3): 257-262. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1211.2013.03.007ZHU F F, JIN Y C, XIE F. Research of characteristic and physical & mechanical indexes about red clay[J]. Resources Environment & Engineering, 2013, 27(3): 257-262. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1211.2013.03.007 [10] 刘春明, 魏慧勇, 张海军. 城市道路塌陷与地下管线的关系[J]. 城市勘测, 2020(5): 183-187. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8262.2020.05.045LIU C M, WEI H Y, ZHANG H J. Relationship between urban road collapse and underground pipeline[J]. Urban Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying, 2020(5): 183-187. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8262.2020.05.045 [11] 刘克会, 江贻芳, 邓楠, 等. 城市地下管线主要风险因素分析[J]. 工程勘察, 2013, 41(9): 51-55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-2104.2014.15.1887LIU K H, JIANG Y F, DENG N, et al. Analysis on main risk factors of urban underground pipelines[J]. Geotechnical Investigation & Surveying, 2013, 41(9): 51-55. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-2104.2014.15.1887 [12] 胡嵩, 李文华, 王丽萍. 地下管线生存环境因素分析及破坏概率模型[J]. 特种结构, 2016, 33(5): 95-98.HU S, LI W H, WANG L P. Analysis on environmental factors and failure probability model of underground pipelines[J]. Special Structures, 2016, 33(5): 95-98. (in Chinese with English abstract) [13] GUO J X, ZHANG Y J, LI Y F, et al. Model experimental study on the mechanism of collapse induced by leakage of underground pipeline[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14: 17717. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68824-7 [14] LI X Y, CAO L T, LI Z Y, et al. Influence of leakage from buried drainage pipes on shallow soil settlement and urban road collapse[J]. Natural Hazards Review, 2025, 26(3): 04025017. doi: 10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-2282 [15] GU Z F, WEI H L, LIU Z K, et al. Study on the influence of water supply and drainage pipeline damage on urban silt ground collapse[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2024, 1334(1): 012019. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1334/1/012019 [16] CHEN X H, CHEN W X, ZHAO L Y, et al. Influence of buried pipeline leakage on the development of cavities in the subgrade[J]. Buildings, 2023, 13(7): 1848. doi: 10.3390/buildings13071848 [17] 胡聿涵, 白玉川, 徐海珏. 近10年中国城市道路塌陷原因及防治对策分析[J]. 公路, 2016, 61(9): 130-135.HU Y H, BAI Y C, XU H J. Analysis of reasons for urban road collapse and prevention and control countermeasures in recent decade of China[J]. Highway, 2016, 61(9): 130-135. (in Chinese with English abstract) [18] 陈雨昂, 唐荣, 方建, 等. 2014—2018年中国城市路面塌陷时空规律与原因分析[J]. 水利水电技术, 2020, 51(7): 108-116. doi: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2020.07.014CHEN Y A, TANG R, FANG J, et al. Analysis on spatio-temporal law and causation of urban road collapse in China from 2014 to 2018[J]. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, 2020, 51(7): 108-116. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2020.07.014 [19] 雷明堂, 蒋小珍, 李瑜, 等. 城市岩溶塌陷地质灾害风险评估: 以贵州六盘水市为例[J]. 中国地质灾害与防治学报, 2000, 11(4): 23-27. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-8035.2000.04.006LEI M T, JIANG X Z, LI Y, et al. The risk assessment of karst collapses in urban area: A case study in Liupanshui, Guizhou, China[J]. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 2000, 11(4): 23-27. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-8035.2000.04.006 [20] 耿芳, 白苏娜, 齐文艳, 等. 基于随机森林算法的天津市滨海地区地面沉降模拟[J]. 地质科技通报, 2024, 43(5): 197-205. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240119GENG F, BAI S N, QI W Y, et al. Investigations into ground subsidence in Tianjin coastal area based on random forest[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2024, 43(5): 197-205. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240119 [21] 王越林, 陆烨. 城市地区管道渗漏引发地面塌陷成灾机理的CFD-DEM联合计算模拟分析[J]. 土木与环境工程学报(中英文), 2021, 43(2): 60-67. doi: 10.11835/j.issn.2096-6717.2020.054WANG Y L, LU Y. CFD-DEM simulation of disaster mechanism of pavement collapse caused by pipeline leakage in urban areas[J]. Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2021, 43(2): 60-67. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.11835/j.issn.2096-6717.2020.054 [22] 张成平, 张顶立, 王梦恕, 等. 城市隧道施工诱发的地面塌陷灾变机制及其控制[J]. 岩土力学, 2010, 31(增刊1): 303-309. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2010.z1.048ZHANG C P, ZHANG D L, WANG M S, et al. Catastrophe mechanism and control technology of ground collapse induced by urban tunneling[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2010, 31(S1): 303-309. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7598.2010.z1.048 [23] WANG X W, XU Y S. Investigation on the phenomena and influence factors of urban ground collapse in China[J]. Natural Hazards, 2022, 113(1): 1-33. doi: 10.1007/s11069-022-05304-z [24] 施秋华, 魏会龙, 谭飞, 等. 深圳城市地面塌陷灾害特征及其成因分析[J]. 地质科技通报, 2022, 41(2): 123-129. doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0056SHI Q H, WEI H L, TAN F, et al. Analyzing the characteristics and reason for the ground collapse hazard in Shenzhen[J]. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 2022, 41(2): 123-129. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0056 [25] 郭林飞, 柴仕琦, 董静怡, 等. 我国城市路面塌陷事故统计分析[J]. 工程管理学报, 2020, 34(2): 49-54. doi: 10.13991/j.cnki.jem.2020.02.010GUO L F, CHAI S Q, DONG J Y, et al. A statistical analysis of urban road collapse accidents in China[J]. Journal of Engineering Management, 2020, 34(2): 49-54. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.13991/j.cnki.jem.2020.02.010 [26] 渠元闯, 程子悦, 康睿杰, 等. 某市政雨水管漏水引起路面沉陷的分析和处理[J]. 中国给水排水, 2017, 33(14): 132-134. doi: 10.19853/j.zgjsps.1000-4602.2017.14.033QU Y C, CHENG Z Y, KANG R J, et al. Analysis and treatment of settlement of a road caused by municipal rain water pipe leakage[J]. China Water & Wastewater, 2017, 33(14): 132-134. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19853/j.zgjsps.1000-4602.2017.14.033 [27] 徐坤, 苏永华, 刘煌海, 等. 深水位地下渗流诱发的地面塌陷模型试验[J]. 实验力学, 2022, 37(2): 221-233. doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-21-040XU K, SU Y H, LIU H H, et al. Model test of ground collapse induced by groundwater seepage at deep water level[J]. Journal of Experimental Mechanics, 2022, 37(2): 221-233. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.7520/1001-4888-21-040 [28] TAN F, TAN W, YAN F F, et al. Model test analysis of subsurface cavity and ground collapse due to broken pipe leakage[J]. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(24): 13017. doi: 10.3390/app122413017 [29] YUAN X Y, YAN Y D, LI X Y, et al. Discrete element simulation of ground collapse induced by buried sewage pipeline breakage and soil leakage[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2025, 167: 108910. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108910 [30] HAM M S, PARK S W, LEE H D. A study on estimation of the collapse pattern of road sink using distinct element method[J]. Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security, 2019, 12(2): 57-63. [31] DAI Z L, PENG L H, QIN S W. Experimental and numerical investigation on the mechanism of ground collapse induced by underground drainage pipe leakage[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2023, 83(1): 32. doi: 10.1007/s12665-023-11344-w [32] LI X J, CHEN R, LIU L L, et al. A non-Darcy flow CFD-DEM method for simulating ground collapse induced by leakage through underground pipeline defect[J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2023, 162: 105695. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105695 [33] WANG Z Y, TAN Y, LONG Y Y. Experimental and numerical investigation on soil erosion under different pipeline-leaking locations[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2024, 1334(1): 012011. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1334/1/012011 [34] LIU J C, WANG Z Y, TAN Y, et al. Failure evolution and mechanism of ground collapse due to exfiltration of shallowly buried water pipeline[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2024, 162: 108390. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108390 [35] GAO X J, LI P F, ZHANG M J, et al. Experimental investigation of ground collapse induced by soil-water leakage in local failed tunnels[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2025, 157: 105950. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105950 [36] 顾展飞, 田光辉, 王栩硕, 等. 地下管线渗漏对粉土地面塌陷过程的影响及实验研究[J]. 科技创新与应用, 2022, 12(25): 61-64. doi: 10.19981/j.CN23-1581/G3.2022.25.015GU Z F, TIAN G H, WANG X S, et al. Effect of underground pipeline leakage on the process of surface subsidence in loess areas and experimental research[J]. Technology Innovation and Application, 2022, 12(25): 61-64. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.19981/j.CN23-1581/G3.2022.25.015 [37] ZHANG S L, BAO T, LIU C. Model tests and numerical modeling of the failure behavior of composite strata caused by tunneling under pipeline leakage conditions[J]. Engineering Failure Analysis, 2023, 149: 107287. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107287 [38] KAROUI T, JEONG S Y, JEONG Y H, et al. Experimental study of ground subsidence mechanism caused by sewer pipe cracks[J]. Applied Sciences, 2018, 8(5): 679. doi: 10.3390/app8050679 [39] 孙齐昊, 柳献. 考虑黏土含量影响的地下工程渗流侵蚀试验与数值研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2025, 47(11): 2366-2375. doi: 10.11779/CJGE20240766SUN Q H, LIU X. Model test and numerical analysis on seepage erosion in underground structures considering influence of clay content[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2025, 47(11): 2366-2375. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.11779/CJGE20240766 [40] 刘丹珠, 张家发, 李少龙, 等. 基于土拱理论的土体坍塌机理研究[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2011, 28(5): 35-41. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2011.05.009LIU D Z, ZHANG J F, LI S L, et al. Mechanism of soil collapse based on soil arching theory[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2011, 28(5): 35-41. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2011.05.009 [41] 苏永华, 杨忠武, 刘阳阳, 等. 岩溶区地下双空洞诱发地面塌陷演化过程的试验研究[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2024, 24(11): 4194-4205. doi: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2024.1027SU Y H, YANG Z W, LIU Y Y, et al. Experimental study on the evolution process of ground collapse induced by underground double hollow cavities in karst regions[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2024, 24(11): 4194-4205. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2024.1027 [42] SATO M, KUWANO R. Influence of location of subsurface structures on development of underground cavities induced by internal erosion[J]. Soils and Foundations, 2015, 55(4): 829-840. doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.014 [43] TANG Y, ZHU D Z, CHAN D H, et al. Physical and analytical modeling of soil loss caused by a defective sewer pipe with different defect locations[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2023, 18(5): 2639-2659. doi: 10.1007/s11440-022-01747-7 [44] 蓝雄东. 城市地下管线渗漏诱发非饱和地层塌陷致灾机理研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2022.LAN X D. Catastrophic mechanism of unsaturated strata collapse induced by urban underground pipeline leakage[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2022. (in Chinese with English abstract) [45] 董金玉, 赵亚文. 不同含水率下高低液塑限红黏土抗剪强度特性研究[J]. 华北水利水电大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 39(3): 84-87. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5634.2018.03.015DONG J Y, ZHAO Y W. Study on shear strength of high and low liquid plastic limit red clay with different water contents[J]. Journal of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power (Natural Science Edition), 2018, 39(3): 84-87. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5634.2018.03.015 [46] CUEVA M, KANG X, WANG S, et al. Unveiling the role of saturation and displacement rate in the transition from slow movement to catastrophic failure in landslides[J]. Engineering Geology, 2025, 352: 108042. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108042 [47] 赵蕊, 左双英, 孙志强. 贵阳红黏土的应力−应变软化模型及参数研究[J]. 地下空间与工程学报, 2018, 14(5): 1258-1265.ZHAO R, ZUO S Y, SUN Z Q. Research of the stress-strain softening model and parameters of red clay in Guiyang[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2018, 14(5): 1258-1265. [48] XIN P, KANG X, WU W, et al. Centrifuge modelling of a roto-translational landslide in stiff clay formation[J]. Engineering Geology, 2025, 349: 107964. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.107964 [49] 穆锐, 黄质宏, 郭建强, 等. 不同含水比贵阳原状红黏土CU三轴试验研究[J]. 水利水电技术, 2019, 50(7): 189-194. doi: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2019.07.025MU R, HUANG Z H, GUO J Q, et al. Experimental study on CU triaxial test of undisturbed red clay with different water content ratio in Guiyang[J]. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, 2019, 50(7): 189-194. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi: 10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2019.07.025 [50] WANG Z Y, LIU J C, TAN Y, et al. Experimental and numerical investigation on internal erosion induced by infiltration of defective buried pipe[J]. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2025, 84(1): 38. doi: 10.1007/s10064-024-04073-2 [51] GUO S, SHAO Y, ZHANG T Q, et al. Physical modeling on sand erosion around defective sewer pipes under the influence of groundwater[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2013, 139(12): 1247-1257. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000785 [52] KHUDHAIR H H, NILE B K, AL-BAIDHANI J H. Evaluation the effect of pressure head and soil type on erosion and subsidence of soil due to defective sewers[J]. Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences, 2020(1): 1-12. doi: 10.63463/kjes901 [53] ZHANG D M, DU W W, PENG M Z, et al. Experimental and numerical study of internal erosion around submerged defective pipe[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2020, 97: 103256. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103256 [54] GHULAM A, BASIM K, AL-BAIDHANI J. Evaluation of the effect of leak size of defective sewer pipes on soil erosion[J]. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2018, 13: 10708-10712. -
下载:
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 213
- PDF下载量: 17
- 被引次数: 0
