投审稿入口
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摘要:
地下水年龄蕴含着地下水循环与演化过程的信息，是重要的水文地质参数。通过对1975—2024年发表的
1804 篇基于示踪剂的地下水年龄研究领域论文系统的文献计量分析，梳理了该领域研究现状并解析了发展趋势。结果显示，该领域发文量总体呈指数上升趋势，美国、中国和德国在该领域居领先地位。关键词共现网络分析表明，地下水年龄主要在地下水水量、古气候和地下水质量3个研究领域发挥重要作用。从时间趋势看，早期3个主题的发展相对均衡；2002—2013年在社会需求驱动下更侧重于地下水水量的研究；2014—2024年在技术突破的驱动下开始重点关注古气候研究。近几十年来，原子阱痕量分析（ATTA）技术的突破和发展，使得长寿命放射性惰性气体同位素的应用成为可能，为构建130连续地下水年代学序列带来了新契机。除此之外，地下水年代学的重要发展方向包括但不限于发展单一示踪剂年龄校正模型、深化多示踪剂联用和耦合新技术方法等。Abstract:SignificanceGroundwater age contains critical information about groundwater circulation and evolutionary processes, which is an important hydrogeological parameter. A systematic bibliometric analysis of 1 804 papers published from 1975 to 2024 related to groundwater age with tracers is conducted to summarize the current research status and analyze development trends.
ProgressThe results reveal that the number of publications in this field has exhibited an overall exponential upward trend, with the United States, China, and Germany contributing the most publications. Keyword co-occurrence network analysis identifies three key research themes: groundwater quantity, paleoclimate, and groundwater quality. Temporal trends show relatively balanced development across these three themes from 1990 to 2001. During the period from 2002 to 2013, driven by social demand, research placed greater emphasis on groundwater quantity for groundwater resource management. During 2014 to 2024, driven by technological breakthroughs, research focus shifted toward paleoclimate studies to address climate change challenges.
Conclusion and ProspectOver the past two decades, breakthroughs in atom trap trace analysis (ATTA) technology have enabled the application of long-lived radioactive noble gas isotopes, creating new opportunities for constructing continuous groundwater chronology sequences spanning 1.3 million years. Important development trends in groundwater chronology include, but are not limited to, improvement of single-tracer age correction models, multi-tracer combination approaches, and coupling with groundwater numerical models. These advancements contribute to enhancing the precision and accuracy of groundwater age dating, providing theoretical support and technical guidance for groundwater resource management and climate change adaptation.
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Key words:
- groundwater age /
- bibliometrics /
- age tracers /
- groundwater quantity /
- paleoclimate /
- groundwater quality
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图 2 1975—2024年地下水年龄领域全球发文量趋势
Figure 2. Trends of global publication number in the field of groundwater age from 1975 to 2024
图 3 地下水年龄领域国际合作网络
圆弧长度代表该国参与国际合作的次数；国家间连线的粗细代表这2个国家的合作强度
Figure 3. International scientific collaboration network map in the field of groundwater age
图 4 地下水年龄领域发文量最多的19个机构的发文量、总被引和篇均被引频次
Figure 4. Number of publications, total citations, and average citations per publication for top 19 institutions in the field of groundwater age
图 5 地下水年龄领域发文量≥10篇的机构的共现网络
圆圈大小代表发文量；连线粗细代表合作强度；红绿蓝3种颜色代表3个研究机构集群
Figure 5. Co-occurrence network of institutions with number of publications ≥10 in the field of groundwater age
图 6 地下水年龄领域发文量前22期刊、学科及分区
Figure 6. Relationship among top 22 journals, disciplines, and rankings in the field of groundwater age
图 7 地下水年龄领域关键词共现网络
绿色集群为古气候研究主题；蓝色集群为地下水质量研究主题；红色集群为地下水水量研究主题；节点大小代表该关键词的出现频次
Figure 7. Keyword co-occurrence network in the field of groundwater age
图 8 地下水年龄领域关键词贡献
圆圈面积代表每个关键词在这一阶段出现的频次
Figure 8. Keyword contributions in field of groundwater age
表 1 地下水年龄的主要示踪剂
Table 1. Major groundwater age tracers
示踪剂 半衰期 定年范围 主要来源 主要原理 优点 局限性与挑战 3H 12.43 a <70 a 宇宙射线生成、
人工核试验放射性衰变；根据剖
面浓度曲线上的核爆
峰值位置定年技术成熟，成本较低 输入函数难恢复[79]；大气
浓度已近本底[80]3H/3He — 1～60 a 3H衰变产生3He 联合测定3H与其衰变
产物3He的比例不依赖3H输入函数；使核爆峰
增强更容易识别[81]需分离不同来源的3He；
存在3He逸散问题[73]14C 5730 a1～40 ka 宇宙射线生成
（大气中14CO2）放射性衰变 技术成熟，应用最广泛的
古地下水示踪剂初始值确定困难，存在
“死碳”混入，需校正模型[82]CFCs — 1～40 a 工业合成 与大气输入函数对比[83] 大气中混合均匀，输入函数已知[84] 易被微生物降解、与土壤颗粒和
有机质发生吸附和解吸[83-85]；
已停产，大气浓度下降[86]SF6 — 1～40 a 工业合成 与大气输入函数对比 大气增长曲线理想，混合均匀[84]，
不易受污染，不易降解吸附，
采样测试相对简单受“过量空气”[87]、深部来源影响[88-89] 4He — >100 a 地壳中U/Th系列衰变 积累速率（地壳产率） 定年范围极广 多来源（大气、深部地壳、地幔），定量精度差，需校正[90] 36Cl 301 ka 50 ka～1.3 Ma 宇宙射线生成、中子
活化（大气）[91]放射性衰变 测试相对简单 初始来源不确定，深部来源复杂[92-93] 81Kr 229 ka 50 ka～1.3 Ma 宇宙射线生成（大气） 放射性衰变 解释简单[74-76]，是>50 ka古老地下水定年的“金标准”，可率定其他方法[74-75] 成本高，采样和测试门槛高，
个别地区存在深部来源[94]85Kr 10.76 a 1～50 a 核试验与核燃料
后处理释放放射性衰变 大气3H浓度衰减背景下的重要补充 输入函数受人为影响，在大气中分布不均匀，成本高，采样和测试门槛高 39Ar 269 a 50～ 1500 a宇宙射线生成（大气） 放射性衰变 在大气中的分布均匀且稳定，
填补了14C定年无法覆盖的范围存在地下来源干扰[95]；成本高，
采样和测试门槛高
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表 2 主要地下水年龄模型比较
Table 2. Comparison of major groundwater age models
模型类型 核心思想 优点 缺点 典型应用 集总参数模型（LPMs） 将系统视为“黑箱”，使用概率
分布函数描述年龄分布[102]无需详细水文地质参数；计算高效；适用于数据有限区域 无法反映地下水系统内部动态；
难以处理强烈瞬态过程[71，103-105] 混合单元模型（MCMs） 将系统划分为一系列离散单元，单元
之间在定义的时间步长内瞬时完全混合概念直观；半解析、半分布式 过度简化，忽略弥散；仅适用于简单或中等复杂系统；使用非保守示踪剂，需了解其浓度变化速率[106] [107-108] 直接年龄模型（DAMs） 直接模拟年龄空间分布的控制方程[109] 能完整刻画年龄时空分布；
适用于复杂非均质系统完全分布式方法，需要高分辨率数据；
计算成本大；校准困难[7][7，110]
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