Pressure distribution characteristics and overpressure genesis of the Oligocene Linhe Formation in the Xinglong structural belt, Linhe Depression of the Hetao Basin
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摘要:
河套盆地临河坳陷兴隆构造带洼槽区钻井资料匮乏，压力系统展布规律及演化机制尚不明确。基于钻井、测井、地震及相关测试等资料，联合地球物理方法与地质背景，运用盆地数值模拟与流体包裹体分析测试技术，综合分析了河套盆地临河坳陷兴隆构造带临河组压力分布、成因机制、保存条件与演化历史。结果表明：研究区临河组压力分布总体具有“北高南低，西高东低”的特征。其中临河组烃源岩层横向分带性显著，内带及洼槽区−中带−外带呈极强超压/强超压−弱超压−常压特征分布；纵向上，超压顶界面普遍位于五原组，自上而下，发育厚层泥岩的五原组超压成因以欠压实为主，生烃增压主导了临河组烃源岩层超压的形成，内带临河组储层超压的主要成因为超压传递；临河组兴隆断层和杭五断层的泥岩百分比（
SGR ）与下限值差值普遍在4以上，具有强侧向封堵性，优异的保存条件使得内带成为一个独立的超高压系统；临河组超压形成于五原组快速埋藏期（5.3 Ma），受烃源岩热演化与欠压实−生烃增压双控机制驱动，形成弱超压，第四纪（2.6 Ma）生烃持续强化，内带储层经压力传递超压跃升为强超压，其他位置因走滑构造调整超压未保存，呈常压特征。研究成果有利于厘清临河坳陷成藏动力学条件，为后续油气勘探与开发有一定的指导作用。Abstract:Objective Drilling data are sparse in the trough area of the Xinglong structural belt within the Linhe Depression of the Hetao Basin, and the distribution pattern and evolution mechanism of the pressure system remain unclear.
Methods Integrating data from drilling, logging, seismic, and related tests with geophysical methods and geological context, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the pressure distribution, genetic, mechanism, preservation conditions, and evolution history of the Linhe Formation in the Xinglong Tectonic Belt of the Linhe Depression in the Hetao Basin. The analysis employs basin-scale numerical simulation, fluid inclusion analysis, and testing techniques.
Results The results indicate that the Linhe Formation's pressure distribution in the study area follows a "high in the north and low in the south, high in the west and low in the east" pattern. Among them, the source rock strata of the Linhe Formation exhibit pronounced lateral zonation: The inner zone and trough area-middle zone-outer zone presenting extremely strong overpressure/strong overpressure-weak overpressure-normal pressure. The reservoirs of the Linhe Formation develop overpressure only in the inner zone and trough area, while most other areas exhibit normal pressure. Longitudinally, the overpressure top interface generally lies within the Wuyuan Formation. From top to bottom, overpressure in the Wuyuan Formation (with thick-bedded mudstone) is mainly caused by undercompacted. Hydrocarbon generation pressurization dominates overpressure formation in the Linhe Formation's source rocks, and the principal cause of overpressure in the Linhe Formation reservoirs is pressure transmission. The overpressure of the Linhe Formation formed during the rapid burial of the Wuyuan Formation (5.3 Ma), driven by the dual control mechanism of source rock thermal evolution and undercompaction-hydrocarbon generation pressurization, resulting in weak overpressure. Overpressure intensification occurred during the Quaternary (approximately 2.6 Ma), with inner-belt reservoir pressures increasing to strong overpressure through pressure transfer. However, overpressure was not preserved in other areas due to strike-slip tectonic adjustment, resulting in normal pressure.
Conclusions This study clarifies the hydrocarba accumulation dynamics conditions of the Linhe Depression and guides subsequent oil and gas exploration and development.
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图 1 河套盆地临河坳陷兴隆构造带综合地质图（据文献[5]修改）
a. 构造地质图；b. 断层及井位分布图；c. 岩性柱状图
Figure 1. Comprehensive geological map of Xinglong tectonic belt in Linhe Depression, Hetao Basin
图 2 临河坳陷实测地层压力（a）及压力系数（b）纵向分布图
虚线为压力系统分界，根据压力系数大小划分压力系统：<0.9为负压系统，[0.9, 1.2]为常压系统，>1.2为超压系统，其中，(1.2, 1.6) 为弱超压系统，[1.6, 2.0]为强超压系统，>2.0为极强超压系统
Figure 2. Longitudinal distribution maps of measured formation pressure (a) and pressure coefficient (b) in Linhe Depression
图 3 临河坳陷兴隆构造带临河组测井压力预测与岩性连井特征(a)、HT101井临河组岩心观察照片(b)和联井剖面井位分布平面示意图(c)
N2wl. 乌兰图克组；N1w. 五原组；E3l1. 临一段；E3l2. 临二段；AC. 声波时差；GR. 自然伽马；下同
Figure 3. Well logging pressure prediction and lithology connection characteristics of Linhe Formation (a), core observation photos of Linhe Formation in Well HT101 (b) and schematic plan of well position distribution of the joint well section (c) in Xinglong tectonic belt of Linhe Depression
图 4 双层反射时间(a)和地层压力(b)拟合曲线
Figure 4. Fitted curves of double layer reflection time (a) and formation pressure (b)
图 5 临河坳陷兴隆构造带临河组压力系数分布图
Figure 5. Pressure coefficient distribution map of Linhe Formation in Xinglong tectonic belt of Linhe Depression
图 7 临河坳陷兴隆构造带临河组声波速度−垂向有效应力交会图
Figure 7. Crossplot of acoustic velocity-vertical effective stress of Linhe Formation in Xinglong tectonic belt of Linhe Depression
图 9 临河坳陷兴隆构造带临河组垂向声波速度−密度交会图
Figure 9. Crossplot of vertical acoustic velocity-density Linhe Formation in Xinglong tectonic belt of Linhe Depression
图 10 研究区主控断层泥岩涂抹定量化评价
a. SGR下限值确定；b. 临一段主控断层封闭性分布；c. 临二上段主控断层封闭性分布；d. 临二下段主控断层封闭性分布
Figure 10. Quantitative evaluation of mudstone smearing of main control faults in the study area
图 12 临河坳陷兴隆构造带临河组流体包裹体显微岩相学及荧光特征
a1，a2. XH5井，
4515.35 m，砂岩，石英裂纹中可见蓝白色荧光包裹体及伴生盐水包裹体；b1，b2. LH7井，3850.8 m，浅灰色细砂岩，石英裂纹中可见线状黄色荧光包裹体及伴生盐水包裹体；c1，c2. LH1X井，3365.8 m，灰色细砂岩，石英裂纹中可见线状蓝绿色荧光包裹体及伴生盐水包裹体；d1，d2. HT101井，7039.6 m，灰色中砂岩，石英颗粒内可见蓝白色荧光包裹体Figure 12. Microscopic petrography and fluorescence characteristics of fluid inclusions of Linhe Formation in Xinglong tectonic belt of Linhe Depression
图 13 临河坳陷兴隆构造带临河组油气充注史分析图（N. 样品数）
Figure 13. Analysis of oil and gas filling history of Linhe Formation in Xinglong tectonic belt of Linhe Depression
图 14 HT101井临河组压力演化史（a）及超压成因综合分析图（b）
Figure 14. Pressure evolution history (a) and comprehensive analysis of overpressure genesis (b) of Linhe Formation in Well HT101
图 15 临河坳陷临河组储层异常超压成因演化模式图
Figure 15. Genetic evolution model of abnormal overpressure of Linhe Formation in Linhe Depression
表 1 单井压力系数实测值与预测值对比
Table 1. Comparison of measured and predicted pressure coefficients in a single well
构造单元 井号 深度/m 压力系数 相对误差/% 实测 预测 兴
隆
构
造
带内带 LH1* 5700 1.87 1.62 −13.37 LH1* 6318 1.63 1.65 1.23 LH1* 6382 1.72 1.68 −2.33 LH1* 6443 1.96 1.72 −12.24 LH1* 6601 2.01 1.75 −12.94 HT101* 5590 1.63 1.65 1.23 HT101* 6403 1.5 1.7 13.33 HT101* 6410 1.6 1.78 11.25 HT101* 6566 1.68 1.82 8.33 HT101* 6827 2.13 2.05 −3.76 HT1 5200 1.54 1.58 2.60 HT1 6000 1.58 1.72 8.86 HT1 6114 1.51 1.73 14.57 HT1 6276.62 1.54 1.77 14.94 HT1* 6460 2.10 1.92 −8.57 中带 XH9 4868.8 1.05 1.18 12.38 XH9 4871.18 1.10 1.21 10.00 XH2 4406.5 1.10 1.25 13.64 XH2 4918 1.07 1.32 14.78 外带 LH1X 5199.43 1.02 1.08 5.88 LH1X 5266.92 1.05 1.15 9.52 LH4X 3448.93 1.04 1.12 7.69 LH4X 3510.08 1.05 1.16 10.48 注：*部分实测数据来自于单井盆模模拟值或Eaton法预测的地层压力 
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表 2 临河坳陷数值模拟阶段划分及地质时间
Table 2. Numerical simulation stage division and geological time of Linhe Depression
地层单元 起始年代/
Ma结束年代/
Ma系 群（组） 段 代号 第四系 河套群 Q1-4 2.6 0 新近系 乌兰图克组 上段 N2wl1 5.3 2.6 下段 N2wl2 五原组 N1w 23 5.3 古近系 临河组 一段 E3l1 33.9 23 二段 E3l2 乌拉特组 一段 E2w1 55.8 33.9 二段 E2w2 白垩系 * 83 55.8 固阳组 一段 K1g1 140 83 二段 K1g2 注：*. 上白垩统被剥蚀，为剥蚀事件
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