库车坳陷白垩系亚格列木组深层致密砂岩裂缝成因与控储意义

范坤宇; 马奔奔; 何巧林; 陆永潮; 胡方杰; 古志强; 孙金佳杰; 肖文

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250152

库车坳陷白垩系亚格列木组深层致密砂岩裂缝成因与控储意义

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250152

范坤宇^{1, 2, 3,},
马奔奔^{4, 5, ,},
何巧林^{1, 2, 3},
陆永潮⁴,
胡方杰¹,
古志强⁴,
孙金佳杰¹,
肖文¹

1.
中国石油塔里木油田公司，新疆库尔勒 841000
2.
中国石油天然气集团有限公司超深层复杂油气藏勘探开发技术研发中心，新疆库尔勒 841000
3.
新疆维吾尔自治区超深层复杂油气藏勘探开发工程研究中心，新疆库尔勒 841000
4.
中国地质大学（武汉）资源学院，武汉 430074
5.
中国地质大学深圳研究院，广东深圳 518000

基金项目: 广东省自然科学基金面上项目（2025A1515011937）

详细信息

作者简介:
范坤宇：E-mail：317909378@qq.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：mabenben@cug.edu.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 133
- PDF下载量: 12
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-04-01
- 录用日期: 2025-08-30
- 修回日期: 2025-07-29
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-11

Fracture genesis and its control on deep tight sandstone reservoir development in Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation, Kuqa Depression

FAN Kunyu^{1, 2, 3
,},
MA Benben^{4, 5
, ,},
HE Qiaolin^{1, 2, 3},
LU Yongchao⁴,
HU Fangjie¹,
GU Zhiqiang⁴,
SUN Jinjiajie¹,
XIAO Wen¹

1.
PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Korla Xinjiang 841000, China
2.
Research Center of Exploration and Development Technology for Ultra-deep and Complex Oil and Gas Reservoirs, China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Korla Xinjiang 841000, China
3.
Engineering Research Center for Exploration and Development of Ultra-deep and Complex Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Korla Xinjiang 841000, China
4.
School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
5.
Shenzhen Research Institute, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Shenzhen Guangdong 518000, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：317909378@qq.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：mabenben@cug.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
深层-超深层致密砂岩储层具有巨大油气勘探潜力，裂缝的发育与空间分布是深层-超深层致密砂岩储集性能改善的关键因素。为明确致密砂岩裂缝成因与控储意义，以塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系亚格列木组为研究对象，综合钻井岩心、铸体薄片、激光共聚焦、扫描电镜、碎屑锆石测年、重矿物组成及碳氧稳定同位素等分析，查明亚格列木组深层致密砂岩裂缝的成因类型与主控因素，建立裂缝控储演化模式。结果表明：A井区岩石类型主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩，其次为岩屑砂岩，岩屑类型以变质岩为主，B井区岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩，岩屑类型以岩浆岩为主，B井区岩屑含量更高。研究区主要发育3期构造裂缝：①第一期裂缝开度较宽（2～4 mm），为高角度、近垂直缝（70°～90°），裂缝平直光滑，以剪切缝为主，缝内方解石充填，充填时间在90～65 Ma，对应为燕山晚期-喜山早期缓慢浅埋藏阶段；②第二期裂缝开度较窄（1～2 mm），为中、高角度缝（40°～60°），裂缝略微弯曲，以张-剪复合缝为主，缝内高岭石胶结物充填，裂缝充填时间在 40～20 Ma，对应为喜山中期快速深埋阶段；③第三期裂缝开度最窄（0.2～1 mm），为低角度缝、近水平缝（10～30°），裂缝弯曲，主要以张性缝为主，缝内铁白云石胶结物充填，充填时间在10～6 Ma，对应为喜山晚期推覆调整阶段。在统一构造挤压背景下，由于不同物源体系和岩石组分，导致A井区和B井区裂缝控储模型存在差异性：A井区脆性矿物含量高，在强烈构造挤压过程中裂缝的发育程度高，有利于储层后期酸性溶蚀，增孔提渗效应明显。因此，整体上A井区储层质量要好于B井区。研究结果可为库车坳陷深层致密砂岩油气高效勘探开发提供地质依据。
- 深层致密砂岩 /
- 裂缝成因类型 /
- 控储意义 /
- 亚格列木组 /
- 库车坳陷
Abstract:
Deep- to ultra-deeply buried tight sandstone reservoirs have great potential for oil and gas exploration. The development and spatial distribution patterns of fractures are key factors for the improvement of reservoir performance in such reservoirs.
Objective
To clarify fracture genesis and its control on reservoir development in tight sandstones, the Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation in the Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, is selected as the study area.
Methods
Integrated analyses, including drilling core, thin section, laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, detrital zircon geochronology, heavy mineral composition, and carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, were conducted to determine the genetic types and main controlling factors of fractures in deep tight sandstones of the Yageliemu Formation. A fracture-controlled reservoir evolution model was established.
Results
The results showed that the rock types in well area A were mainly lithic feldspathic sandstone and feldspathic lithic sandstone, followed by lithic sandstone. The rock fragment was mainly metamorphic rock. Rock types in well area B were mainly lithic sandstone and feldspathic lithic sandstone, and the rock fragments were mainly magmatic rock. Well area B had higher rock fragment content. Three stages of tectonic fractures were identified in the study area: (1) In the first stage, fractures were characterized by relatively wide openings (2 mm-4 mm), high-angle to nearly vertical fractures (70°-90°), straight and smooth surfaces, mainly shear fractures filled with calcite. Fracture filling occurred during 90-65 Ma, corresponding to the slow and shallow burial stage from the late Yanshanian to the early Himalayan period; (2) In the second stage, fractures exhibited narrow openings (1 mm-2 mm), medium- to high-angle fractures (40°-60°), slightly curved shapes, mainly tension-shear composite fractures filled with kaolinite cement. Fracture filling occurred during 40-20 Ma, corresponding to the rapid deep burial stage of the middle of the Himalayan period; (3) In the third stage, fractures showed the narrowest openings (0.2 mm-1 mm), low-angle to nearly horizontal fractures (10°-30°), curved shapes, and were mainly tensile fractures filled with ankerite cement. The fracture filling occurred during 10 Ma-6 Ma, corresponding to the thrust-adjustment stage of the late Himalayan period. Under a uniform tectonic compression settings, differences in provenance systems and rock composition resulted in different fracture-controlled reservoir evolution models between well areas A and B. Well area A had higher contents of brittle minerals, resulting in significant development of fractures during extensive tectonic compression. This facilitated late-stage acidic dissolution, significantly enhancing porosity and permeability. Overall, reservoir quality in well area A was better than in well area B.
Conclusion
These findings provide a geological basis for the efficient exploration and development of deep tight sandstone reservoirs in the Kuqa Depression.
- deep tight sandstone /
- fracture genetic types /
- reservoir controlling significance /
- Yageliemu Formation /
- Kuqa Depression

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图 1 塔里木盆地库车坳陷区域概况图

c. 库车坳陷地层综合柱状图。M₂RX为 2 ft 分辨率、120 in 深探测的阵列感应电阻率；GR为自然伽马；下同

Figure 1. Regional map of Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

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图 2 研究区亚格列木组碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年龄谐和图(a, d)和年龄分布图(b, c, e, f)

a. A1井，5148 m ，碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年龄谐和图，N=30；b. A1井，5148 m ，碎屑锆石年龄分布图，N=30；c. 克拉苏河碎屑锆石年龄分布图（引自文献[34]修改），N=56；d. B4井，6 199 m ，碎屑锆石 U-Pb 年龄谐和图，N=80；e. B4井，6 199 m ，碎屑锆石年龄分布图，N=80； f. 库车河碎屑锆石年龄分布图（引自文献[36]修改），N=72。N. 锆石颗数；A1，B4井位置见图1b；下同

Figure 2. U-Pb concordia diagram (a, d) and age distribution (b, c, e, f) of detrital zircons from Yageliemu Formation in study area

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图 3 库车坳陷不同井区亚格列木组重矿物组合特征分析（A4井等位置见图1b）

Figure 3. Characteristics analysis of heavy-mineral assemblages in Yageliemu Formation of different well areas, Kuqa Depression

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图 4 库车坳陷亚格列木组沉积相连井剖面

A-A'、B-B'见图1b；ELST为早期低位体系域，细分为EL1和EL2；LLST指晚期低位体系域，细分为LL1；TST为湖侵体系域

Figure 4. Cross-section of connecting wells in sedimentary facies of Yageliemu Formation, Kuqa Depression

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图 5 亚格列木组致密砂岩储层岩石学组分特征（N'为样品个数，下同）

Figure 5. Petrological composition characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs in Yageliemu Formation

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图 6 亚格列木组致密砂岩储层岩心实测孔隙度和渗透率特征

Figure 6. Measured porosity and permeability characteristics of cores from tight sandstone reservoirs in Yageliemu Formation

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图 7 亚格列木组储层裂缝倾角分布直方图

Figure 7. Histogram of fracture dip distribution in reservoirs of Yageliemu Formation

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图 8 亚格列木组致密砂岩构造裂缝的宏观岩心特征

a. A5井，5594.73 m，Ⅰ期裂缝、Ⅱ期裂缝、Ⅲ期裂缝；b. A1井，5160.29 m，全充填、半充填、未充填裂缝；c. A4井，5161.05 m，Ⅰ期裂缝、Ⅱ期裂缝；d. A1井，5160.29 m，Ⅲ期裂缝

Figure 8. Macroscopic core characteristics of structural fractures in tight sandstones of Yageliemu Formation

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图 9 亚格列木组致密砂岩构造裂缝微观薄片特征

a. A1井，5162.3 m，剪切缝；b. A5井，5590 m，剪切缝；c. A1井，5161.82 m，张裂缝；c. A1井，5160.74 m，张裂缝；e. A5井，5588.36 m，压实破裂缝；f. A1井，5160.22 m，方解石充填裂缝Ⅰ期裂缝；g. A4井，5162.18 m，铁白云石充填Ⅲ期裂缝；h. A5 井，5595.39 m，高岭石充填Ⅱ期裂缝；i. A4井，5161.37 m，铁白云石交代方解石；j. A5 井，5595.39 m，方解石交代高岭石；k. A5井，5590.62 m，岩屑颗粒溶蚀；l. A1井， 5162.3 m，方解石胶结物溶蚀

Figure 9. Microscopic thin-section characteristics of structural fractures in tight sandstones of Yageliemu Formation

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图 10 亚格列木组致密储层裂缝填充碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素特征

Figure 10. Carbon and oxygen isotopic characteristics of carbonate cements within fractures of tight reservoirs of Yageliemu Formation

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图 11 库车坳陷亚格列木组致密砂岩储层埋藏史与裂缝充填物形成期次综合图

Figure 11. Composite diagram of burial history and fracture-filling stages of tight sandstone reservoirs in Yageliemu Formation, Kuqa Depression

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图 12 亚格列木组致密砂岩储层裂缝发育控制因素

a. 不同岩性裂缝发育直方图；b. 裂缝发育密度和石英/岩屑含量关系图；c. 取心井裂缝线密度与距构造断裂距离关系图

Figure 12. Controlling factors of fracture development in tight sandstone reservoirs of Yageliemu Formation

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图 13 亚格列木组致密砂岩储层不同井区裂缝发育密度平面分布

Figure 13. Planar distribution of fracture-development density in different well areas of tight sandstone reservoirs of Yageliemu Formation

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图 14 亚格列木组致密砂岩储层裂缝对孔隙与喉道的连通关系

a. 激光共聚焦图像，A5井，5588.4 m；b. 激光共聚焦图像，A5井，5588.1 m；c. 扫描电镜图像，A1井，5163.42 m；d. 扫描电镜图像，A1井，5163.57 m

Figure 14. Connectivity of fractures with pores and pore throats in tight sandstone reservoirs

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图 15 亚格列木组致密砂岩储层孔隙度、渗透率与裂缝发育密度的关系图

Figure 15. Relationships among porosity, permeability, and fracture-development density in tight sandstone reservoirs of Yageliemu Formation

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图 16 亚格列木组深层致密砂岩裂缝控储演化模式

Figure 16. Fracture-controlled reservoir evolution model of deep tight sandstones in Yageliemu Formation

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表 1 白垩系亚格列木组砂岩碎屑颗粒成分统计

Table 1. Composition statistics of clastic particles in sandstones of Cretaceous Yageliemu Formation

井区	w（石英）/%	w（长石）/%			w（岩屑）/%
井区	w（石英）/%	钾长石	斜长石	总计	w（岩屑）/%
A井区	$ \dfrac{39\sim 51}{44} $	$ \dfrac{7\sim 21}{13.2} $	$ \dfrac{2\sim 13}{5.8} $	$ \dfrac{10\sim 31}{19} $	$ \dfrac{26\sim 45}{37} $
B井区	$ \dfrac{31\sim 48}{41} $	$ \dfrac{2\sim 17}{9} $	$ \dfrac{0\sim 8.2}{3} $	$ \dfrac{8\sim 20}{13} $	$ \dfrac{39\sim 51}{44} $
注：$ \dfrac{39\sim 51}{44}$$ \dfrac{最小值-最大值}{平均值} $

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表 2 亚格列木组不同沉积微相的裂缝线密度统计

Table 2. 2 Statistics of fracture linear density among different sedimentary microfacies of Yageliemu Formation

沉积体系	沉积亚相	沉积微相	岩性	裂缝线密度/(条·m⁻¹)
辫状河三角洲	辫状河三角洲平原	辨状河道	含砾砂岩为主，中砂岩为次之	0.58
	辫状河三角洲前缘	水下分流河道	以中-细砂岩为主，有少量含砾砂岩	1.34
		近端河口坝	以中砂岩和细砂岩为主	1.48
		远端席状砂坝	以细砂岩为主，局部可见泥质薄层	0.73
	前三角洲	滨浅湖泥	泥岩为主	0.32

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