Reconstruction of source-sink system and sand control mechanisms in continental faulted lake basins: A case study of the First Member of the Wenchang Formation in the Wenchang Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin
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摘要:
陆相断陷湖盆由于受构造、气候、水深等复杂因素控制，其源−汇体系定量重构及控砂、沉积过程恢复成为了制约进一步开展沉积研究的难题。以珠江口盆地西部文昌凹陷文昌组一段为研究对象，通过物源区岩性与地貌恢复、搬运古沟谷刻画、断层边界样式的识别及沉积体类型、规模的厘定等研究对源−汇体系关键要素进行定量描述，并探讨各要素之间的耦合关系。研究结果表明：文昌组一段沉积期盆内以扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、滨−浅湖沉积为主，其物源区基岩类型主要为岩浆岩与沉积岩，发育7个物源体系，存在4种源−汇体系控砂机制，共识别出37条古沟谷，陡坡带沉积砂体与集水高差、汇水面积、沟谷横截面积参数最密切，缓坡带则与汇水面积、沟谷长度、沟谷横截面积相关性最强。本研究可为陆相断陷湖盆沉积体系描述提供依据。
Abstract:Objective Controlled by complex factors such as basin structure, climate, and water depth, the quantitative reconstruction of source-sink systems, sand transport pathways, and sedimentation processes in rifting lacustrine basins remains a persistent challenge. This study addresses this knowledge gap by investigating the First Member of the Wenchang Formation in the Wenchang Sag of the western Pearl River Mouth Basin.
Methods Key elements of the source-sink system are quantitatively analyzed through methods including the restoration of lithology and geomorphology in the provenance area, characterization of paleo-valleys, recognition of fault boundary patterns, and determination of sedimentary body types and scales. The coupling relationships between these elements are then discussed.
Results The results show that the deposition of the First Member of the Wenchang Formation was dominated by fan delta, braided river delta, and shore-shallow lacustrine deposits. The bedrock types of the provenance area are primarily magmatic and sedimentary rocks, with seven provenance systems identified. Four sand control mechanisms within the source-sink system are recognized, and a total of 37 paleo-valleys are identified. In the steep slope zone, sedimentary sand bodies show the closest correlation with elevation difference, watershed area, and cross-sectional area of the valley. In contrast, the ramp zone exhibits the strongest correlation with watershed area, valley length, and cross-sectional area of the valley.
Conclusion These findings provide a basis for describing sedimentary systems in continental rifting lacustrine basins.
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图 1 文昌凹陷区域位置(a)和构造单元划分(b)及古近系地层综合柱状图(c)
Figure 1. Location (a), tectonic units (b) and stratigraphic columnar section (c) of Wenchang Sag
图 2 文昌凹陷文一段砂岩重矿物、母岩类型特征与前积体最大前积角平面分布（ZTR. 稳定矿物锆石+电气石+金红石比例）
Figure 2. Integration of heavy mineral signatures，provenance rock types and planar distribution of maximum progradation angles in prograding bodies of sand stone in the First Member of Wenchang Formation in Wenchang Sag
图 3 文昌凹陷文一段古地貌恢复
Figure 3. Paleogeomorphological reconstruction of the First Member of Wenchang Formation in the Wenchang Sag
图 4 文昌凹陷文一段古沟谷类型与充填样式
Figure 4. Types and filling patterns of paleovalleys of the First Member of Wenchang Formation in the Wenchang Sag
图 5 文昌凹陷文一段沉积相识别图版（剖面位置见图1）
Figure 5. Sedimentary facies chart of the First Member of Wenchang Formation in the Wenchang Sag
图 6 文昌凹陷文一段沉积体与古地貌叠合
Figure 6. Superimposition of depositional bodies onto paleogeomorphology of the First Member of Wenchang Formation in the Wenchang Sag
图 7 源−汇体系各要素之间关系定量表征
Figure 7. Quantitative characterization of relationships between elements in the source-sink system
图 8 不同类型源−汇体系控砂模式示意图
Figure 8. Sand control mechanisms of different source-sink system types
表 1 文昌凹陷文一段源−汇体系要素分析
Table 1. Elements of the source-sink system in the First Member of Wenchang Formation, Wenchang Sag
物源体系 源 渠 边 汇 母岩岩性 汇水单元 汇水面积/
km2集水高差/
m古沟谷编号 截面积/
km2长度/
km宽度/
m深度/
m宽深比 形态 边界样式 断裂
角度/(°)相带类型 展布形态 面积/
km2厚度/
m砂体体积/
km3延伸距离/
km神狐隆起东
物源体系花岗岩 ① 44.1 1169 V1 0.66 2.9 2894 457 6.3 V型 陡坡 43.0 扇三角洲 扇形 45.6 818 37.3 3.9 ② 26.8 1090 V2 0.28 2.3 2216 249 8.9 W型 陡坡 扇三角洲 扇形 57.9 967 56.0 6.1 ③ 28.6 1201 V3 0.24 2.5 2279 208 11.0 W型 陡坡 神狐隆起西
物源体系花岗岩为主，兼有
流纹岩、变质砂岩④ 31.3 967 V4 0.16 1.9 1391 232 6.0 V型 陡坡 27.9 扇三角洲 扇形 47.2 257 12.1 3.6 ⑤ 34.1 959 V5 0.26 2.5 1887 272 6.9 V型 陡坡 ⑥ 54.4 875 V6 0.33 8.9 2085 312 6.7 V型 陡坡 ⑦ 150.5 1386 V7 0.56 9.7 2739 407 6.7 V型 陡坡 27.9 95.2 623 59.3 9.3 ⑧ 125.3 1429 V8 0.39 7.1 2010 387 5.2 V型 陡坡 113.7 525 59.7 10.9 ⑨ 24.0 1263 V9 0.46 3.4 2932 311 9.4 U型 陡坡 42.2 27.0 901 24.3 3.9 ⑩ 12.5 1027 V10 0.26 1.7 1921 272 7.1 V型 陡坡 8.9 501 4.5 1.7 ⑪ 67.1 1477 V11 0.73 5.9 2703 537 5.0 V型 陡坡 42.3 89.8 490 44.0 9.5 ⑫ 28.1 988 V12 0.32 3.7 2080 306 6.8 V型 陡坡 35.9 254 9.1 6.0 ⑬ 40.6 1569 V13 0.56 4.5 2376 471 5.0 V型 陡坡 49.3 653 32.2 5.5 ⑭ 42.0 1544 V14 0.45 5.5 2380 380 6.3 V型 陡坡 30.1 637 19.2 10.1 神狐隆起西南
物源体系花岗岩 ⑮ 55.2 1544 V15 0.20 5.5 1612 252 6.4 V型 陡坡 38.6 扇三角洲 扇形 33.1 541 17.9 10.1 ⑯ 77.5 1361 V16 0.62 9.2 2268 546 4.2 W型 陡坡 75.6 461 34.9 5.6 ⑰ 31.7 1049 V17 0.26 3.1 1491 351 4.2 V型 陡坡 19.9 958 19.1 3.3 ⑱ 38.4 1098 V18 0.23 4.7 1354 342 4.0 V型 陡坡 16.7 706 11.8 3.9 ⑲ 20.7 1205 V19 0.15 2.5 982 210 4.7 V型 陡坡 4.2 710 3.0 1.8 ⑳ 132.4 1286 V20 0.25 8.7 1477 333 4.4 V型 陡坡 22.1 912 20.2 3.8 海南隆起
物源体系花岗岩 ㉑ 91.4 1371 V21 0.49 6.2 2830 346 8.2 W型 缓坡 16.2 辫状河三角洲 舌形 45.9 419 19.2 7.2 ㉒ 40.3 1422 V22 0.42 3.5 2353 359 6.6 V型 缓坡 37.1 320 11.9 5.8 ㉓ 118.8 1585 V23 0.28 9.3 2015 276 7.3 V型 缓坡 86.5 412 35.6 13.9 ㉔ 210.4 1665 V24 0.52 6.7 2266 455 5.0 V型 陡坡 37.1 扇三角洲 扇形 196.5 510 100.2 7.8 ㉕ 136.2 1591 V25 0.35 5.9 1998 350 5.7 V型 陡坡 阳春凸起西
物源体系花岗岩 ㉖ 102.3 722 V26 0.88 6.6 4276 412 10.4 U型 缓坡 11.8 辫状河三角洲 舌形 72.9 290 21.1 7.5 ㉗ 100.1 638 V27 0.83 6.3 4071 406 10.0 U型 缓坡 66.5 325 21.6 7.0 ㉘ 118.3 427 V28 1.03 6.8 5118 402 12.7 W型 缓坡 116.6 375 43.7 11.2 ㉙ 303.4 571 V29 1.44 17.8 4981 580 8.6 U型 缓坡 197.3 195 38.5 13.7 阳春凸起东
物源体系花岗岩 ㉚ 61.9 375 V30 0.51 5.9 3101 326 9.5 W型 缓坡 9.4 辫状河三角洲 舌形 42.2 229 9.7 7.8 ㉛ 151.1 293 V31 0.99 3.9 4051 491 8.3 U型 缓坡 146.4 255 37.3 14.9 ㉜ 104.6 759 V32 0.92 6.2 3767 486 7.8 W型 缓坡 98.6 379 37.4 9.5 琼海凸起
物源体系流纹岩为主，兼有
变质砂岩㉝ 19.4 861 V33 0.43 2.1 2470 352 7.0 W型 缓坡 13.4 扇三角洲 扇形 35.1 225 7.9 7.1 ㉞ 14.9 810 V34 0.14 3.4 1688 164 10.3 U型 缓坡 扇形 69.7 216 15.1 8.1 ㉟ 13.8 793 V35 0.14 2.3 1423 192 7.4 W型 缓坡 ㊱ 41.3 941 V36 0.69 6.3 2761 499 5.5 V型 缓坡 扇形 109.5 326 35.7 11.7 ㊲ 12.9 1198 V37 0.40 1.9 1993 404 4.9 V型 陡坡 25.6 扇三角洲 扇形 17.5 692 12.1 3.5 
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