Hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of high-fluoride groundwater in the Wanshan Archipelago, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province
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摘要:
随着全球气候变化和人类活动的影响，地下水资源的质量受到严重威胁，特别是高氟地下水的污染问题，已成为沿海地区亟待解决的环境挑战之一。以广东珠海万山群岛为研究区域，深入探讨了该地区地下水中氟的分布特征及其成因，并分析了地质与水文地质条件对水质的影响。结果表明，万山群岛地区地下水的氟质量浓度范围为0.17～3.22 mg/L，53%的样品含氟量超标，不同岛屿的地下水水化学类型差异显著，氟超标的水样主要集中在东澳岛、外伶仃岛等地，且多出现在深度100～150 m的地下水中。通过矿物溶解、沉淀作用以及水−岩相互作用的分析，发现氟的富集与含水层中的萤石溶解、阳离子交换作用及高pH值环境密切相关。此外，部分地区的海水入侵可能对氟的富集产生了影响。研究成果为进一步理解海岛地区高氟地下水的形成机理提供了重要数据和理论支持，有助于为该地区的地下水资源保护和水质改善提供科学依据。
Abstract:Objective Under the combined impacts of global climate change and human activities, groundwater quality is facing severe threats. The problem of high-fluoride groundwater has emerged as a pressing environmental challenge in coastal regions.
Methods Focusing on the Wanshan Archipelago, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, this study investigates the distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of fluoride in groundwater, and analyzes the impacts of geological and hydrochemical conditions on water quality.
Results The results show that fluoride concentrations in the groundwater of the Wanshan Archipelago range from 0.17 to 3.22 mg/L, with 53% of the samples exceeding the fluoride standard. Significant variations in hydrochemical types exist among different islands. Excessive fluoride concentrations are mainly distributed on islands such as Dong'ao Island and Wailingding Island, predominantly detected in groundwater at depths of 100–150 m. Analysis of mineral dissolution, precipitation, and water-rock interactions indicates that fluoride enrichment is closely associated with fluorite dissolution in aquifers, cation exchange reactions, and alkaline conditions (high pH). Furthermore, seawater intrusion in some regions may also contribute to fluoride enrichment.
Conclusion This study provides crucial data and a theoretical basis for understanding the formation mechanisms of high-fluoride groundwater in island settings, and offers scientific support for the protection and improvement of local groundwater resources.
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图 1 万山群岛构造纲要图（据1∶5万《珠海区域地质综合调查报告》[42]修编）
Figure 1. Structural outline map of the Wanshan Archipelago
图 2 万山群岛5个海岛调查区水化学分析样品采样分布图
Figure 2. Sampling distribution map of hydrochemical analysis samples in the five island survey areas of the Wanshan Archipelago
图 3 研究区水样Piper三线图
Figure 3. Piper trilinear diagram of water samples in the study area
图 4 研究区地下水F−质量浓度分布图
Figure 4. Distribution map of F− mass concentration of groundwater in the study area
图 5 地下水萤石饱和指数（SI萤石）和方解石饱和指数（SI方解石）的关系图
Figure 5. Relationship between the calcite and fluorite saturation indices of groundwater
图 6 地下水氯碱指数（CAI1，CAI2）与F−质量浓度关系图
Figure 6. Relationship between the chlor-alkali indices and the F− mass concentration of groundwater
图 7 Cl−和HCO3−质量浓度比与Cl−质量浓度的散点图
Figure 7. Scatter plot of Cl−/HCO3− mass concentration ratio versus Cl− mass concentration
图 8 广东珠海万山群岛区域高氟地下水地质成因模式图
a. 未受到海水入侵岛屿（东澳岛）的高氟地下水成因模式；b. 受到中轻微海水入侵影响的岛屿（外伶仃岛）的高氟地下水成因模式
Figure 8. Geological genesis model diagram of high-fluoride groundwater in the Wanshan Archipelago, Zhuhai, Guangdong
表 1 万山群岛海岛侵入岩单元划分
Table 1. Classification of intrusive rock units in the Wanshan Archipelago
纪 世 阶段期次 代号 岩性 岛屿 白垩纪 晚白垩世 不明 γπK2 花岗斑岩 东澳岛、大万山岛 早白垩世 第二阶段第一次侵入 γK12a 细粒(含斑)黑云母花岗岩 桂山岛 侏罗纪 晚侏罗世 第一阶段第三次侵入 ηγJ31c 中细−中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩 桂山岛、外伶仃岛、东澳岛、大万山岛、担杆岛 
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表 2 研究区采样点分布、样品编号、水样类型、经纬度及井深
Table 2. Sampling points distribution, sample numbers, water types, coordinates (latitude/longitude), and well depth in the study area
岛屿 样品编号 水样类型 经度 纬度 井深/m 担杆岛 DG-01G 地下水 114°18' 29.7342 "22°03' 42.5085 "5 DG-02G 地下水（泉） 114°18' 20.4065 "22°03' 27.0176 "5 DG-03S 地表水（水库） 114°17'08.4697" 22°03'00.0888" − DG-04G 地下水(泉水） 114°15' 13.9114 "22°02' 23.8950 "5 DG-05G 地下水 114°15' 18.7394 "22°02' 30.5898 "5 DG-06H 海水 114°15' 52.0525 "22°02' 37.2308 "− DG-07G 地下水 114°18' 20.4644 "22°03' 29.9798 "5 DG-08R 雨水 114°18' 21.0535 "22°03' 28.4943 "− 外伶仃岛 WLD-02H 海水 114°01' 50.1017 "22°05' 39.6276 "− WLD-03G 地下水 114°02' 30.3187 "22°06'05.2956" 150 WLD-04G 地下水 114°02' 22.6905 "22°05' 57.6910 "100 WLD-05G 地下水 114°02' 18.2391 "22°05' 46.6330 "150 WLD-06G 地下水 114°02' 19.2144 "22°05' 51.6610 "150 桂山岛 GS-01G 地下水 113°49'05.9199" 22°09'06.8039" 150 GS-02G 地下水 113°49' 13.7799 "22°08' 38.3458 "100 GS-03S 地表水（水库） 113°49' 42.5353 "22°08' 32.7470 "− 东澳岛 DA-01G 地下水 113°43' 10.7354 "22°01'08.1517" 290 DA-02G 地下水 113°43' 15.0613 "22°01'07.4580" 150 DA-03S 地表水（水库） 113°42' 21.9921 "22°01'04.5532" − DA-04G 地下水 113°42' 19.0857 "22°01' 21.2389 "150 DA-05G 地下水 113°42' 54.7355 "22°01' 40.6720 "103 DA-06H 海水 113°42' 54.8031 "22°01' 38.4253 "− DASW02 地下水 113°42′45.89″ 22°1′14.28″ 310 大万山岛 DWS-01G 地下水 113°42' 58.3178 "21°56' 59.1636 "300 DWS-02S 地表水（河流） 113°43' 24.7751 "21°55' 54.4524 "−
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