不同二元结构阻隔层抑制降雨入渗边坡规律的试验研究

王珂; 吴庆华; 杨野

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250009

不同二元结构阻隔层抑制降雨入渗边坡规律的试验研究

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20250009

王珂^1,,
吴庆华^{2a, 2b, ,},
杨野^2a

1.
中国三峡建工（集团）有限公司，成都 610041
2a.
长江科学院：水资源综合利用研究所
2b.
长江科学院：流域水资源与生态环境科学湖北省重点实验室，武汉 430010

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（42072282）；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目（CKSF2023360/YT）；贵州省水文地质志修编项目（DKJJ2021-01）

详细信息

作者简介:
王珂：E-mail：wang_ke10@ctg.com.cn

通讯作者:
E-mail：wqh0505@126.com

中图分类号: TU43；P642
计量
- 文章访问数: 111
- PDF下载量: 11
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-01-06
- 录用日期: 2025-08-15
- 修回日期: 2025-08-06
- 网络出版日期: 2025-12-15

Experimental study on inhibition of rainfall infiltration into slopes by different dual-structure capillary barrier layers

WANG Ke^1
,,
WU Qinghua^{2a, 2b
, ,},
YANG Ye^2a

1.
China Three Gorges Construction Engineering Corporation, Chengdu 610041, China
2a.
Water Resources Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute
2b.
Key Laboratory of Basin Water Resource and Eco-environmental Science in Hubei Province, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：wang_ke10@ctg.com.cn

Corresponding author: E-mail：wqh0505@126.com

摘要

摘要:
土质边坡在降雨−蒸发循环作用下易形成裂隙，导致降雨入渗土壤，诱发边坡失稳。基于生态优先，本研究提出了具有生态功能的细 / 粗粒非饱和毛细阻隔层（CBL）抑制降雨入渗的边坡防护方法，旨在从源头上阻隔降雨入渗，为边坡生态修复与稳定性防治提供技术参考。采用物理模型试验，开展2种降雨强度（1.93×10⁻⁴，4.73×10⁻⁴ cm/s）和4种 CBL 岩性结构组成（亚砂土 / 粗砂、亚砂土 / 砾砂、亚砂土 / 角砾、亚砂土 / 圆砾）条件下，CBL 对降雨入渗规律及其对边坡防护效果的影响研究，分析粗粒层粒径、颗粒形态及降雨强度对 CBL 水分运移和排水效率的作用规律。研究结果表明：①降雨在细粒层以均匀流为主，运移速度随粗粒层粒径增大而增加并受粗粒层颗粒形态的影响明显；降雨入渗至细 / 粗粒层界面时，水分沿界面向坡脚迁移；降雨突破细 / 粗粒层界面后，在粗砂和砾砂中仍以均匀流运动为主，而在角砾和圆砾中则以优先流方式运动，且优先流程度随粗粒层粒径增大而增强。②CBL 稳定排水效率（稳定排水强度与降雨强度之比）随降雨强度增加而减小，且在高降雨强度时，其随粗粒层粒径增加而小幅增加；CBL 综合排水效率（侧向排水总量与降雨总量之比）随粗粒层粒径和降雨强度增加而增加，且降雨强度越大其增加幅度越显著下降。③粗粒层颗粒形态对 CBL 阻隔降雨效果影响明显，亚砂土 / 角砾 CBL 在试验设定的降雨强度范围内可完全阻隔降雨入渗至边坡黏土层，其阻隔降雨入渗的效果最佳。研究成果揭示了二元结构 CBL 抑制降雨入渗的内在规律，可为土质边坡稳定性防治提供重要参考。
- 降雨入渗 /
- 细/粗二元结构 /
- 非饱和阻隔层 /
- 非饱和渗流 /
- 边坡 /
- 坡面防护 /
- 颗粒形态
Abstract:
Objective
Soil slopes are prone to crack development under the cyclic effects of rainfall and evaporation, which causes rainfall to infiltrate into the soil, reduce the mechanical properties of soil mass, and further induce slope instability. Currently, the mainstream slope protection measures mainly rely on surface hardening technologies, which are susceptible to cracking and failure during long-term operation, leading to re-infiltration of rainfall and failing to achieve long-term stable protection of slopes. Under the background of integrating slope disaster prevention with ecological civilization construction and following the principle of ecological priority, this study proposes a slope protection method that inhibits rainfall infiltration by using a fine/coarse-grained unsaturated capillary barrier layer (CBL) with ecological functions, seepage prevention, and drainage capabilities, aiming to block rainfall infiltration from the source and provide a new technical approach for ecological restoration and stability control of soil slopes.
Methods
To reveal the influence of CBL lithologic structure and rainfall intensity on the regulation of rainfall infiltration patterns and slope protection performance, a series of indoor physical model tests were conducted, with the combination of CBL lithology and rainfall intensity as the key test variables. Specifically, two typical rainfall intensities (1.93×10⁻⁴, 4.73×10⁻⁴ cm/s) were set, and four CBL lithologic structure combinations (sub-sandy soil/coarse sand, sub-sandy soil/gravel sand, sub-sandy soil/breccia, sub-sandy soil/gravel) were designed. The tests systematically monitored the wetting front migration process, drainage initiation time, stable drainage intensity, and cumulative drainage volume of CBL under different working conditions, and quantitatively analyzed the effects of coarse-grained layer particle size, particle morphology, and rainfall intensity on the water migration characteristics and drainage efficiency of CBL.
Results
The results showed that: ① rainfall mainly moved in the form of uniform flow in the fine-grained layer, and the migration velocity increased with the increase of particle size of the coarse-grained layer, which was significantly affected by the particle morphology of the coarse-grained layer. When rainfall infiltrated to the fine/coarse-grained layer interface, the water migrated to the slope toe along the interface driven by both gravity and matrix suction. After the rainfall broke through the fine/coarse-grained layer interface, it continued to move in the form of uniform flow in the coarse sand and gravel sand layers, while it moved in the form of preferential flow in the breccia and gravel layers, and the degree of preferential flow was enhanced with the increase of particle size of the coarse-grained layer. ② The stable drainage efficiency of CBL (the ratio of stable drainage intensity to rainfall intensity) decreased with the increase of rainfall intensity. At high rainfall intensity, it showed a slight increase with the increase of particle size of the coarse-grained layer, but the amplitude of increase was limited. The comprehensive drainage efficiency of CBL (the ratio of total lateral drainage to total rainfall) increased with the increase of both particle size of the coarse-grained layer and rainfall intensity, and the growth rate decreased more significantly with the increase of rainfall intensity. ③ The particle morphology of the coarse-grained layer had a pronounced effect on the rainfall-blocking performance of CBL. The sub-sandy soil/breccia CBL exhibited the optimal performance in inhibiting rainfall infiltration into the slope, effectively preventing rainfall from infiltrating into the slope clay layer within the range of test rainfall intensities, with the stable drainage efficiency reaching 96.74% under low rainfall intensity and 92.81% under high rainfall intensity, and the comprehensive drainage efficiency reaching 82.42% and 98.41% respectively under the two rainfall intensities.
Conclusion
This study reveals the intrinsic mechanism of rainfall infiltration inhibition by dual-structure CBL and clarifies the optimal lithologic combination form of CBL for slope protection. Its innovation lies in the systematic exploration of the coupling effects of coarse-grained layer particle size, particle morphology, and rainfall intensity on the performance of CBL, as well as the verification of the superior seepage prevention and drainage performance of the angular particle breccia-based CBL through quantitative physical model tests. The research findings provide important theoretical reference and technical support for the stability control and ecological protection engineering design of soil slopes, and can also be applied to the fields of energy storage leakage prevention, environmental restoration, and ecological governance.
- rainfall infiltration /
- fine/coarse dual structure /
- unsaturated capillary barrier layer /
- unsaturated seepage /
- slope /
- slope protection /
- particle morphology

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图 1 典型土的渗透性曲线

Figure 1. Permeability curves of typical soil

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图 2 物理模型试验系统

Figure 2. Physical model test system

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图 3 土体颗粒级配曲线

注：角砾与圆砾级相同，其级配曲线重叠

Figure 3. Particle size distribution curves of soil

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图 4 CBL湿润锋迁移过程线（t为时间，min）

Figure 4. Migration process lines of wetting front of CBL

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图 5 CBL阻隔降雨入渗过程

Figure 5. Rainfall infiltration blocking process of CBL

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图 6 不同CBL岩性组合的排水随时间变化关系

Figure 6. Temporal variation of drainage for different CBL lithological combinations

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图 7 强降雨强度试验方案排水体积随时间变化曲线

Figure 7. Temporal variation curves of drainage volume under heavy rainfall intensity test schemes

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表 1 试验方案

Table 1. Test schemes

方案编号	CBL岩性组合	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨持续时间/min	初始含水量
US1-1	亚砂土/粗砂	1.93	660	ω₀
US1-2	亚砂土/粗砂	4.73	480	ω₁
US2-1	亚砂土/砾砂	1.93	750	ω₀
US2-2	亚砂土/砾砂	4.73	480	ω₁
US3-1	亚砂土/角砾	1.93	660	ω₀
US3-2	亚砂土/角砾	4.73	510	ω₁
US4-1	亚砂土/圆砾	1.93	840	ω₀
US4-2	亚砂土/圆砾	4.73	510	ω₁
注：ω₀为细粒层、粗粒层和边坡层的初始含水量，分别为10%，3%，23.3%；ω₁为第1次降雨后含水量，亚砂土、粗砂、砾砂、角砾、圆砾、黏土的含水量范围分别为10.0%～23.5%，8.0%～18.0%，3.0%～7.5%，2.0%～4.0%，2.0%～5.5%和25.0%～30.0%。这是由于不同CBL结构（尤其是粗粒层岩性及颗粒形态）导致的水分入渗、侧向排水效率以及水分在边坡层内再分布存在差异所致

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表 2 不同岩性组合CBL的降雨入渗特征参数

Table 2. Characteristic parameters of rainfall infiltration for different CBL lithological combinations

方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/min	开始排水时间/min		降雨结束后粗粒层持续排水时间/min	稳定排水强度/10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹
方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/min	CBL	黏土层	降雨结束后粗粒层持续排水时间/min	CBL	黏土层
US1-1	1.93	660	218	480	350	1.84	0.010
US2-1		750	178	900	990	1.85	0.002
US3-1		660	117	—	1620	1.87	—
US4-1		840	184	—	630	1.84	—

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表 3 不同CBL岩性组合试验方案的降雨导排特征参数

Table 3. Characteristic parameters of rainfall drainage for test schemes of different CBL lithological combinations

方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/ min	稳定排水效率/%	综合排水效率/%		土体残留水量比例/%
方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/ min	稳定排水效率/%	CBL	边坡底部	土体残留水量比例/%
US1-1	1.93	660	95.38	64.19	0.39	35.42
US2-1		750	95.85	77.54	0.19	22.27
US3-1		660	96.74	82.42	0	17.58
US4-1		840	95.37	78.08	0	21.92

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表 4 强降雨条件下降雨入渗特征参数

Table 4. Characteristic parameters of rainfall infiltration under heavy rainfall conditions

方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/ min	开始排水时间/min		降雨结束后持续排水时间/min	稳定排水强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹
方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/ min	CBL	边坡	降雨结束后持续排水时间/min	CBL	边坡
US1-2	4.73	480	7	0	450	4.08	0.011
US2-2		480	8	30	780	4.47	0.001
US3-2		510	12	—	1680	4.39	—
US4-2		510	10	0	1170	4.45	0.009

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表 5 强降雨条件下CBL导排特征参数

Table 5. Characteristic parameters of CBL drainage under heavy rainfall conditions

方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/ min	稳定排水效率/%	综合排水效率/%		土体残留水量比例/%
方案	降雨强度/ 10⁻⁴cm·s⁻¹	降雨时间/ min	稳定排水效率/%	CBL	边坡底部	土体残留水量比例/%
US1-2	4.73	480	86.39	95.86	0.37	3.77
US2-2		480	94.54	97.38	0.03	2.59
US3-2		510	92.81	98.41	0	1.59
US4-2		510	94.15	98.37	0.34	1.29

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