致密砂岩储层孔隙结构对流体可动程度的影响及综合表征

陈琪泉; 李超; 成友友; 谭习群; 罗翔; 赵子萱; 闫晨辉; 谭成仟

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240683

致密砂岩储层孔隙结构对流体可动程度的影响及综合表征

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240683

1.
西安石油大学地球科学与工程学院，西安 710065
2.
中国石油天然气股份有限公司长庆油田分公司勘探开发研究院，西安 710018

基金项目: 中国石油科技创新基金研究项目（2022DQ02-0202）；陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目（2024JC-YBQN-0397）.

详细信息

作者简介:
陈琪泉：E-mail：chenqiquan123@foxmail.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：1098364810@qq.com

中图分类号: P618.13
计量
- 文章访问数: 24
- PDF下载量: 3
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-11-12
- 录用日期: 2025-03-25
- 修回日期: 2025-03-03
- 网络出版日期: 2026-03-13

Influence of pore structure of tight sandstone reservoirs on fluid mobility and comprehensive characterization

1.
School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
2.
Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Changqing Oilfield Company, PetroChina Company Limited, Xi'an 710018, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：chenqiquan123@foxmail.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：1098364810@qq.com

摘要

摘要:
储层流体可动程度受储层物性及孔隙结构的综合影响显著，单一参数无法准确表征。为了明确孔隙结构综合表征在流体可动程度评价中的有效性，针对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系延长组长8₂致密砂岩储层，旨在探究孔隙结构参数与流体可动程度的关系。采用核磁共振（NMR）、高压压汞（HPMI）联测的实验方法，计算有效可动流体孔隙度（φ_cutoff）及有效可动流体孔喉半径（r_cutoff），并结合分形理论分析孔隙结构。进而使用主成分分析法（PCA）提取因子，并引入k-means聚类分析法，建立了致密砂岩流体可动程度综合评价方法。结果表明：研究区目的层孔喉类型以中小孔—中细喉为主，可动流体主要赋存在孔喉半径0.01～1.0 μm的孔隙中；分形维数介于2.4400～2.7412之间，平均值2.55；有效可动流体孔喉半径介于0.016～0.095 μm之间，平均值为0.049 μm；有效可动流体孔隙度介于0.716%～2.980%之间，平均值为1.598%。综合流体可动程度参数、物性参数、孔隙结构参数，提取4个主成分，分别评估储层渗流能力与储集能力、微观非均质性、产出能力、大孔喉占比。基于前3个主成分输出聚类结果，将实验样品划分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类。流体可动程度的综合评价结果可为同类型致密砂岩油藏储层评价及高效开发提供一定依据。
- 联合表征 /
- 孔隙结构 /
- 分形维数 /
- 主成分分析（PCA） /
- k-means聚类分析 /
- 流体可动程度
Abstract: Objective
Reservoir fluid mobility is significantly influenced by the combined effects of reservoir physical properties and pore structure, and cannot be accurately characterized by a single parameter. This study aims to apply a comprehensive pore structure characterization to evaluation tight sandstone reservoirs.
Methods
In this study, the effective movable fluid porosity $(\varphi_{\mathrm{cutoff}}) $ and effective movable fluid pore throat radius $(r_{\mathrm{cutoff}}) $ were calculated by integrating nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI) with fractal theory for the Triassic Chang 8₂ tight sandstone reservoir in the Heshui area of the Ordos Basin. To explore the relationship between pore structure parameters and the degree of fluid mobility in the reservoir, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to extract factors, and k-means clustering was introduced to establish a comprehensive evaluation approach for fluid mobility of tight sandstones.
Results
The results showed that the pore throat types of the target layer in the study area were predominantly medium-small pores and medium-fine throats, and movable fluid mainly resided in pores with pore sizes of 0.01-1.0 μm. The fractal dimension ranged from 2.4400 to 2.7412, with an average of 2.55. The effective movable fluid pore throat radius ranged from 0.016 to 0.095 μm, with an average value of 0.049 μm. The effective movable fluid porosity ranged from 0.716% to 2.980%, with an average value of 1.598%. By integrating parameters of fluid mobility, physical properties, and pore structure, four principal components were extracted to evaluate reservoir permeability and storage capacity, microscopic heterogeneity, production capacity, and the proportion of large pore throats. Based on the clustering results from the first three principal components, the samples were classified into Class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ.
Conclusion
The comprehensive evaluation results of fluid mobility can provide a basis for reservoir evaluation and efficient development of similar tight sandstone oil reservoirs.
- joint characterization /
- pore structure /
- fractal dimension /
- principal component analysis (PCA) /
- k-means clustering /
- fluid mobility

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图 1 研究区区域位置(a)及Z82井长8₂储层韵律特征图(b)

SP. 自然电位；GR. 自然伽马；RT. 电阻率；AC. 声波时差；S_o. 含油饱和度；S_w. 含水饱和度

Figure 1. Location map of study area (a) and rhythm characteristics of Chang 8₂ reservoir in Well Z82 (b)

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图 2 研究区长8₂储层砂岩铸体薄片及SEM图像

a. 长石溶孔，Z177井，1941 m；b. 残余粒间孔−溶蚀孔，Y297井，2282 m；c. 压实较强，残余粒间孔，Z353井，1870 m；d. 颗粒溶孔及粒表衬垫状绿泥石黏土，L98井，2465.7 m；e. 石英加大Ⅱ-Ⅲ级，粒表衬垫状绿泥石黏土及残余粒间孔，L98井，2465 m；f. 石英充填粒间孔隙，Y297井，2282 m；g. 粒间高岭石黏土填隙物及微孔，Y297井，2291 m；h. 粒间孔中分布绿泥石、少量伊利石，Z177井，1942 m；i. 长石溶蚀形成次生孔，Z177井，1942 m

Figure 2. Cast thin sections and SEM images of sandstones from Chang 8₂ reservoir in study area

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图 3 孔隙网络模型(a)及三维连通体模型图(b)（样品Z315-4，深度1744.5 m）

Figure 3. Pore network model (a) and three-dimensional connected body model (b)

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图 4 高压压汞孔喉半径分布曲线

Figure 4. Pore throat radius distribution curves from high-pressure mercury intrusion

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图 5 典型样品的孔隙分形特征（样品Z315-2）

Figure 5. Fractal characteristics of pores in a typical sample

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图 6 核磁共振饱和水T₂谱分布特征

Figure 6. Distribution characteristics of NMR T₂ spectra of saturated water

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图 7 典型样品核磁共振离心前后T₂谱分布（T_2cutoff. 有效可动流体弛豫时间）

Figure 7. Distribution of NMR T₂ spectra of typical samples before and after centrifugation

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图 8 核磁共振T₂谱与压汞孔喉半径转化图

S（i）为根据毛管压力曲线与核磁可动流体累计曲线的最大相似性，采用线性插值方法得到的同一累计分布频率；T₂（i），r（i）分别为同一累计分布频率S（i）下的横向弛豫时间和孔喉半径

Figure 8. Conversion between NMR T₂ spectra and pore throat radius from mercury injection

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图 9 孔喉半径与横向弛豫时间的拟合曲线

Figure 9. Fitting curve of pore throat radius and transverse relaxation time

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图 10 核磁共振（NMR）转换孔喉半径与高压压汞（HPMI）所测孔喉半径对比（样品J223-4）

Figure 10. Comparison of NMR-converted pore throat radius and HPMI-measured pore throat radius

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图 11 可动流体赋存空间孔喉半径分布

Figure 11. Pore throat radius distribution of movable fluid storage space

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图 12 储层物性对可动流体参数的影响

Figure 12. Influence of reservoir physical properties on movable fluid parameters

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图 13 孔隙结构(a～e)及孔隙非均质性(f～i)对可动流体参数的影响

Figure 13. Influence of pore structure (a-e) and pore heterogeneity (f-i) on movable fluid parameters

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图 14 PCA及k-means聚类分析流程图

Figure 14. Flowchart of PCA and k-means clustering

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图 15 相关性矩阵热力图

Figure 15. Heatmap of correlation matrix

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图 16 碎石图

Figure 16. Scree plot

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图 17 成分矩阵热力图

Figure 17. Heatmap of component matrix

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图 18 原始特征在成分上的载荷

Figure 18. Loadings of original features on components

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图 19 4个主成分可视化

Figure 19. Visualization of four principal components

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图 20 聚类结果

Figure 20. Clustering results

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表 1 岩样基本物性参数

Table 1. Basic physical parameters of rock samples

样品编号	深度/m	长度/cm	直径/cm	孔隙度/%	渗透率/10⁻³μm²	实验项目
J223-4	2251.5	7.001	2.521	8.05	0.1253	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
J223-5	2308.0	4.729	2.534	7.32	0.0790	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
Z315-2	2235.0	5.452	2.529	7.80	0.1351	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
B39-1	2324.0	5.131	2.548	10.49	0.5753	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
L103-3	1887.0	3.912	2.533	8.18	0.1688	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
Y425-2	2312.0	6.572	2.526	7.45	0.1119	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
Z315-1	2272.0	4.621	2.550	12.19	0.8099	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
Y425-1	2308.0	6.274	2.523	8.15	0.1351	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
L103-1	2251.5	5.886	2.535	6.09	0.0820	核磁可动流体和高压压汞
B39-2	2333.5	5.236	2.527	9.73	0.1796	核磁可动流体和高压压汞

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表 2 高压压汞孔隙分形维数统计

Table 2. Statistics of fractal dimensions of pore structures from high-pressure mercury intrusion

样品编号	孔喉半径区间/μm						全孔径（总拟合曲线）
	[0.001，0.01)		[0.01，0.1)		[0.1，1.0]		全孔径（总拟合曲线）
	D₁	R²	D₂	R²	D₃	R²	D	R²
J223-4	2.9737	0.7156	2.426 9	0.9404	2.5194	0.8450	2.5578	0.8860
J223-5	2.7013	0.9592	2.517 4	0.9422	2.6210	0.9872	2.5852	0.9780
Z315-2	2.4957	0.9818	2.783 8	0.9983	2.4399	0.9656	2.5204	0.9740
B39-1	2.4399	0.9656	2.783 8	0.9983	2.4957	0.9818	2.4926	0.9730
L103-3	2.8396	0.9287	2.567 2	1.0000	2.6730	0.9803	2.6354	0.9870
Y425-2	2.7807	0.9981	2.461 9	0.9723	2.9500	0.7919	2.7121	0.9635
Z315-1	2.5100	0.9782	2.470 0	0.9830	2.5500	0.8898	2.4400	0.9246
Y425-1	2.6979	0.9920	2.656 5	0.9989	2.4900	0.9780	2.5708	0.9967
L103-1	2.5151	0.9912	2.755 9	0.9937	2.6900	0.8818	2.7412	0.9680
B39-2	2.9800	0.9722	2.495 1	0.9366	2.5700	0.9794	2.5700	0.8679
平均	2.69	0.95	2.59	0.98	2.60	0.93	2.55	0.95
注：D₁，D₂，D₃分别为孔喉半径区间[0.001，0.01)，[0.01，0.1)，[0.1，1.0] μm的分形维数；D为全孔径的分形维数；R²为决定系数，衡量回归模型对数据的拟合程度；下同

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表 3 不同孔喉半径区间可动流体参数统计

Table 3. Statistics of movable fluid parameters in different pore throat radius ranges

样品编号	孔喉半径区间/μm												r_cutoff	φ_cutoff
	[0.001，0.01)				[0.01，0.1)				[0.1，1.0]
	S_m1	φ_m1	φ_m1/φ_tm	C_K1	S_m2	φ_m2	φ_m2/φ_tm	C_K2	S_m3	φ_m3	φ_m3/φ_tm	C_K3
J223-4	2.58	0.21	10.29	0.02	16.82	1.35	67.10	32.03	5.68	0.46	22.65	67.95	0.040	1.260
J223-5	4.47	0.33	20.12	0.04	9.62	0.70	43.34	4.15	8.08	0.59	36.40	95.81	0.028	0.929
Z315-2	8.13	0.63	28.68	0.05	5.69	0.44	20.05	1.21	14.53	1.13	51.22	98.74	0.033	1.435
B39-1	6.28	0.66	22.85	0.03	8.58	0.90	31.23	3.88	12.66	1.33	46.05	96.09	0.049	1.678
L103-3	6.45	0.53	27.91	0.05	10.95	0.90	47.37	14.39	5.71	0.47	24.71	85.56	0.016	1.258
Y425-2	2.88	0.21	11.05	0.03	15.68	1.17	60.20	29.10	7.55	0.56	29.00	70.87	0.023	1.514
Z315-1	6.97	0.85	20.08	0.08	7.91	0.96	22.78	1.43	19.87	2.42	57.24	98.49	0.033	2.980
Y425-1	1.09	0.09	3.90	0.01	4.64	0.38	16.60	2.45	22.22	1.81	79.58	97.54	0.095	1.850
L103-1	2.14	0.13	10.11	0.03	7.69	0.47	36.32	4.26	11.35	0.69	53.59	95.71	0.084	0.716
B39-2	3.73	0.17	5.63	0.05	8.49	0.83	27.58	7.59	18.58	2.00	66.85	92.36	0.085	2.360

注：r为孔喉半径，μm；S_m1，S_m2，S_m3分别为孔喉半径区间[0.001，0.01)，[0.01，0.1)，[0.1，1.0] μm的可动流体饱和度，%；φ_m1，φ_m2，φ_m3分别为孔喉半径区间[0.001，0.01)，[0.01，0.1)，[0.1，1.0] μm的可动流体孔隙度，%；φ_tm为总可动流体孔隙度，%；C_K1，C_K1，C_K3 分别为孔喉半径区间[0.001，0.01)，[0.01，0.1)，[0.1，1.0] μm的渗透率贡献，%；φ_cutoff为有效可动流体孔隙度，%；r_cutoff为有效可动流体孔喉半径，μm；下同

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表 4 总方差解释

Table 4. Total variance explained

主成分	特征值	方差贡献率/%	累计方差贡献率/%
1	8.560	45.051	45.051
2	3.832	24.167	69.218
3	2.663	23.834	93.052
4	1.358	4.333	97.385

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