Evolution of continental weathering and upwelling in Early Silurian and the implications for the organic matter accumulations in the black shales of Longmaxi Formation in the Upper Yangtze Block of South China
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摘要:
关于华南扬子地区龙马溪组黑色页岩中的有机质富集机制一直存在争议，为揭示古气候条件转变背景下大陆风化作用和上升洋流的演化特征，并探究该地区沉积物中有机质的富集主控因素，以四川省布拖地区布地1井龙马溪组为研究对象，采用地球化学方法重建了早志留世古气候和古海洋水化学条件。研究表明，龙马溪组沉积期化学风化作用展现出逐渐增强的趋势，而水动力条件总体处于停滞局限的状态。龙马溪组早期伴随赫南特冰期的结束，全球气候变暖，冰盖消融促进了河流径流量增加，进而增强了物理剥蚀速率和化学风化速率，并导致了该时期表层海洋较高的生物生产力。此外，龙马溪组富有机质黑色页岩沉积存在时间和空间序列上的差异性。在时间序列上主要受到强烈气候波动下的大陆风化作用演化影响，即龙马溪组早期强烈的化学风化速率促进了有机质的富集；而在空间尺度上与扬子地区的上升洋流强度有关，即在扬子海外陆棚地区强烈的上升洋流促进了有机质和有机硅的富集。本研究揭示了研究区早志留世重大地质事件驱动下的有机质富集机制，总结了华南扬子地区空间上龙马溪组富有机质页岩的差异发育模式，可为华南龙马溪组页岩中有机质富集模式提供新的视角。
Abstract:The deposition mechanism of organic-rich shales in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is still under debate.
Objective In order to reconstruct the climatic and oceanic environments during the Early Silurian, and reveal the influence of continental weathering and upwelling on the organic matter accumulation,
Methods this study presents the geochemical compositions of the Lower Silurian succession in the BD 1 Well of the Upper Yangtze Platform.
Results The results show that despite persistently restricted watermass conditions, the Longmaxi period experienced a transition from weak chemical weathering intensity in the early period to intense chemical weathering in the late period. During the early stage of Longmaxi Formation deposition, coinciding with the termination of the Hirnantian glaciation, global climatic warming and associated deglaciation induced a significant increase in fluvial runoff. This amplified runoff intensified continental weathering and erosion rates, concurrently elevating primary productivity. The deposition of organic-rich black shale within the Longmaxi Formation exhibits distinct spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Temporally, the evolution of continental weathering was modulated by pronounced climatic fluctuations. Only episodes of intense weathering facilitated the enrichment of organic matter within the Lower Longmaxi Formation. Spatially, across the Yangtze Sea paleoshelf, organic matter and biogenic silica enrichment was primarily driven by strong upwelling dynamics specific to the outer shelf setting, contrasting with the inner shelf regions.
Conclusion This study reveals the mechanisms of organic matter enrichment in the study area during the Early Silurian. It summarizes the diverse spatial development patterns of organic-rich shale in the Longmaxi Formation of the Yangtze Block of South China, providing new perspectives for understanding organic matter enrichment mechanisms within the Longmaxi Formation.
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Key words:
- continental weathering /
- upwelling /
- Longmaxi Formation /
- organic matter /
- black shale /
- Yangtze Block
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图 1 华南地区的晚奥陶世古地理图[18-19](a)；扬子陆架海古地理图[20]和所研究的钻孔（布地-1井（本研究），YY-1井[21]，钻井A[12]，EFD1井[22]，YY-2井[23]，YD-1[12]，Qianqian-1[24]，Guanyinqiao[25]，Cangling[26]）(b)及布地-1井地层剖面图(c)
Figure 1. Late Ordovician paleogeographic maps of South China (a) well paleogeographic maps of the Yangtze Shelf Sea and the studied boreholes (b) and strata profile of Well BD-1 (c)
图 2 布地-1井在A-CN-K图上的分析样品图(a)，CIAcorr与CIA(b)、CIW与CIA(c)、Al/Si与CIA(d)相关性图
A. Al2O3；CN. CaO*+Na2O；K. K2O；Pl. 斜长石；Kfs. 钾长石；Ilt. 伊利石；Ms. 白云母；Sme. 蒙脱石；Kln. 高岭石；Gbs. 三水铝石；Chl. 绿泥石；To. 方钠石；Gd. 花岗闪长岩；Gr. 花岗岩；f线. 钾在沉积物中的成岩作用；e线. 预测的风化趋势
Figure 2. A-CN-K diagram (a), CIAcorr-CIA (b), CIW-CIA (c), and Al/Si-CIA (d) plots of samples obtained from Well BD-1
图 3 布地-1井龙马溪组风化指标CIA、CIAcorr、CIW和上升洋流指标Cd/Mo、Co×Mn
Figure 3. Paleoweathering proxies of CIA, CIAcorr, CIW and upwelling proxies of Cd/Mo, Co×Mn of the Longmaxi Formation in Well BD-1
图 5 w(TOC)与风化指标CIA(a)、CIAcorr(b)，古生产力指标Ba过量(c)、CuEF(d)，氧化还原条件指标Corg/P(e)、Ni/Co(f)相关性图
Figure 5. Cross plots of TOC content versus paleoweathering proxies of CIA (a), CIAcorr (b), ancient productivity proxies of Ba过量 (c), CuEF (d), redox condition proxies of Corg/P (e), Ni/Co (f)
图 9 古生产力指标Si过量(a)、Ba过量(b)、CuEF(c)与CIAcorr相关性图及氧化还原条件指标Corg/P与古生产力指标Ba过量(d)、CuEF(e)相关性图和氧化还原条件指标Ni/Co与古生产力指标Ba过量(f)相关性图
Figure 9. Cross plots of ancient productivity proxies of Si过量 (a), Ba过量 (b), CuEF (c) versus CIAcorr, cross plots of redox condition proxy of Corg/P versus ancient productivity proxy Ba过量 (d), CuEF (e), cross plots of redox condition proxy of Ni/Co versus ancient productivity proxy of Ba过量 (f)
图 6 布地-1井Cd−Mo(a)，Co×Mn−Al(b)，Mo−TOC(c)和UEF-MoEF协变指数图(d)
Figure 6. Cross plots of Cd versus Mo (a), Co×Mn versus Al (b), Mo versus TOC (c) and MoEF versus UEF (d) of Well BD-1
图 8 布地-1井龙马溪组古生产力指标Si过量、Ba过量、CuEF和氧化还原环境指标Corg/P、V/Cr、Ni/Co、MoEF、UEF
Figure 8. Ancient productivity proxies of Si过量, Ba过量, CuEF and redox condition proxies of Corg/P, V/Cr, Ni/Co, MoEF, UEF in the Longmaxi Formation, Well BD-1
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