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摘要:
海洋生态观测是海洋探索、生态保护修复、灾害预警预报、防灾减灾的重要手段和途径。21世纪以来，为进一步开展海洋生态观测，应对在人类活动和全球气候变化影响下各类生态灾害预警、典型生态系统面临退化等威胁，海洋生态观测技术已逐步迈入自动化、智能化、实时反映动态结果的时代，对生态文明建设下海洋生态观测系统研究提出了更高的要求。讨论了国际近岸海域、深海、海底海洋生态观测系统发展和研究现状，对现有观测系统进行了总结，分析了我国改革开发以来海洋生态观测系统技术的发展趋势、海洋生态观测系统发展的必要性，以及目前我国以近岸生态浮标为主的生态观测系统在我国沿海省市发展现状，并对此类观测系统在应对脆弱典型生态系统、新型生态灾害等预警研究中存在的局限性。提出我国生态观测应由简单的生态浮标向立体观测网发展，并且针对不同的典型生态系统建立有针对性的“岸–海–空–天”立体观测网络。
Abstract:Objective/Significance In light of the increasing need of ocean exploring and the demand of marine ecological disaster warning, scientists now making further efforts in real-time integrated ocean observing system including buoys and instrument suites.
Analysis/Discussion/Progress In this paper, we introduced current measurement approaches in global ocean observation systems. These systems are automated and operational, including nearshore, deep sea and seafloor observation. Comparisons of these systems are presented and the current observing technologies in the challenging of monitoring marine ecological disaster are discussed. Limits of our national ocean ecological observing systems and suggestions for establishing stereoscopic observing network are given.
Conclusions and Prospects Instead of simple Eco-buoy observing system, collaborative stereoscopic network ecological real-time observation system should be established as an emerging trend in ocean observing.
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图 2 “岸−海−空−天”协同组网立体生态在线观测系统整体示意图
Figure 2. Map of collaborative network ecological real-time observation system
观测技术 主要观测参数 优/缺点 浮标/潜标 锚系浮标主要用于水文气象、水质等；潜标主要用于水下观测 布放回收方便，同时可通过通信系统实现数据的实时传输，
实现在受控条件下全天候全天时多参数、多功能的立体观测岸基台站 水文气象、环境质量 需要在观测海域沿岸或者石油平台上设立基站 船基 温盐深、海流、水声探测等 需要使用船舶作为移动平台 海洋遥感 海洋表面环境观测，如海岸带环境和资源观测、赤潮及溢油应急观测等 可实现用宏观大尺度、快速、同步、高频度动态的海洋表面观测 海床基 主要用于海底沉积观测、剖面参数测量、水下长期生态系统环境变化观测、近海动力要素观测等 实现长期、同步、自动的海底观测 水下自航式观测平台 主要用于大范围、无人的长期水下环境观测，包括载人潜水器（HOV）、缆控无人遥控潜水器（ROV）、无人自主潜水器（AUV）及混合型深潜器（HROV）。包括海洋物理学、海洋地质学、地球物理等参数 可用于多层次分层观测，与浮标/潜标、卫星观测结合可集合
形成海洋立体观测系统。
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观测网系统 观测系统组成 观测目标 美国沿海海洋自动观测网 自动观测站、浮标和地面观测站 近岸海区的水文、物理、化学、生物的多参数多时空实时观测 美国海洋综合观测系统 浮标、岸基站等 赤潮、生态、海平面及表层流 美国近海海洋观测实验室 生态观测站、滑翔机观测队、岸基海洋动力环境观测雷达
及卫星遥感近海及海岸带地区的水下环境、赤潮、涡流等海洋灾害事件、海洋动力环境及海洋表面信息 英国全国海洋观测系统 近海观测站、生态观测浮标 英国海岸区域的水文、物理、化学、生物的多参数多时空
实时观测希腊爱琴海观测预报系统 浮标、航运观测船 海洋物理、化学、生物参数 新西兰近岸海洋观测网 浮标 海洋物理、水文气象、化学参数 爱尔兰海观测系统 近岸观测站、锚系浮标等 沿岸海域的水文、物理、化学变化 地中海业务化海洋观测网 该观测网是一个集合系统，整合了地中海区域9个浮标、
遥感观测系统地中海区域的水文、物理、化学、生物的多参数多时空
实时观测澳大利亚综合海洋观测系统 包括调查船、深水锚设备、卫星、海洋雷达、Argo浮标、
水下滑翔机、自助式水下航行器等沿海至公海海域的海洋生态状况 日本无线浮标海洋观测系统 浮标、近海观测站 海洋物理、化学、生物参数
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观测网系统 主要观测目标 美国“海洋立体观测网集成系统”（OOI） 兼顾海水上层、海水深部及海底，可实现物理、化学、生物多参数多尺度立体综合观测 加拿大“海王星” 海水物理化学变化，洋流变化，海底板块动力学、板块活动，海洋气候动力学及对海洋生态系统的影响，矿物、金属、碳氢化合物等能源，渔业资源及海洋哺乳动物探索等科学问题 欧洲海洋观测系统 从海面到海底的多学科观测 欧洲深海观测站整合项目（EuroSITES） 从海面到海底的多学科观测
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表 4 海底观测系统概况
Table 4. Introduction of seafloor observation network
观测网系统 主要观测目标 美国“火星” 生物物理海洋、海水、海洋二氧化碳等 加拿大“海王星” 陆架/陆坡系统的营养状况和海底峡谷沉积物搬运、海底地震和滑坡、海底天然气水合物的活动情况和板块构造、洋中脊、热液喷口及生态系统等 加拿大“金星” 河口、浮游动物、海洋哺乳动物、潮汐、海流、鱼类、沉积物搬运及海底形态动力雪、底栖生态学等 欧洲海底综合观测系统 海洋生物多样性、海流、热液喷口、海啸、地震等 日本DONET1&DONET2 地震及海啸等灾害实时观测和预警 日本海沟地震海啸观测网 地震及海啸等灾害实时观测和预警
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发展阶段 时期 重点目标 起步阶段 “九五” 设立海洋技术领域，并成立海洋探测与监视主题。开始建立以上海、珠江口作为第一批海洋观测技术发展示范区 模仿学习阶段 “十五” 重点发展固定式海洋环境通用观测平台，启动实施台海海洋环境立体观测、渤海生态环境观测、海洋赤潮观测预警等集成示范系统的建设和研发 “十一五” 围绕200海里专属经济区开展业务化近浅海生态环境观测示范系统建设，开展移动平台观测系统及海底观测网技术研发，启动“台湾海峡海洋动力环境立体监测示范系统” 重点发展阶段 “十二五” 启动实施深远海海洋动力环境观测系统、海底观测网试验系统、深海潜水器技术与装备等技术研发。完成相关海洋环境观测技术的下海试验 “十三五” 统筹国家海洋观测网布局，推进国家海洋环境实时在线监控系统和海外观测点建设，逐步形成全球海洋立体观测系统，加强对海洋生态环境的观测研究 “十四五” 重点针对近岸海域海洋生态环境观测，以海湾为突破口，推进海洋生态系统预警观测研究
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表 6 我国已有的生态环境立体观测系统[36, 57-59]
Table 6. National existing eco-system environmental monitoring system
名称 建成时间 系统组成 观测目标 “海洋环境立体监测和信息服务系统
”上海示范区2000年 岸站、海床基、地波雷达、
卫星遥感等第一套自行研发的海洋环境立体观测系统，可为上海区域提供海洋环境信息服务，对东海进行赤潮预警等 台湾海峡海洋动力环境立体监测示范系统 2005年 卫星遥感、船基等 第一套离岸区域性海洋动力环境立体综合观测系统，可实现对台湾海峡附近海域的风暴潮预警 渤海海洋生态环境海空准实时综合监测
示范系统2005年 船基、卫星遥感、水下观测平台、
浮标等主要针对生态环境观测，可实现对所在海域生态环境数据实时连续的获取、对赤潮、溢油等海洋灾害进行预警观测 中国近海海洋观测系统 2008年 沿岸观测站、近岸浮标及观测船 实现对黄海、东海和南海进行生态环境连续实时观测，也可进行预警观测
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省市 数量 地点 浮标类型 观测目标 山东 17 沿海港湾、青岛、烟台、鸡鸣岛 气象浮标站、水质浮标、海-气界面浮标 水文、气象、营养盐、常规水质、海表二氧化碳分压 福建 10 厦门、青山岛、台湾海峡、福鼎、霞浦、连江、平潭等海域 气象浮标站、水质生态浮标 水文、气象、常规水质 江苏 1 南通洋口港 水文气象观测浮标 水文、气象、常规水质 浙江 20 舟山、温州、台州、宁波、嘉兴、象山港等近岸生态敏感区 气象浮标、生态浮标、海滨浮标、专项浮标 气象、常规参数、营养盐、γ射线、碳氢化合物 河北 5 北戴河、金山嘴、洋河口 水文气象观测浮标、水质浮标 常规水质、水文、气象、营养盐 上海 2 东海 气象浮标 常规水质、气象、营养盐水文、石油、波浪 广西 32 北海海域、钦州海域、防城港海域、廉州湾 海上自动观测浮标 常规水质、水文、气象、营养盐、石油 广东 17 大亚湾、大鹏湾、深圳湾、珠江口、茂名、汕头、南海区 气象浮标、水质浮标、海啸浮标 气象、常规水质、水中油、光合有效辐射、总溶解性固体、蓝绿藻、60Co、134Cs、137Cs、89Sr、营养盐 辽宁 1 獐子岛 ADCP组合潜标 水文、气象、水质 海南 4 博鳌附近海域、文昌、海口湾、澄迈湾 水质浮标、气象浮标 常规水质、蓝绿藻、营养盐、气象 合计 109
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表 8 国内船载生态观测系统研究概况
Table 8. General situation of shipborne online marine ecological monitoring system
研究单位 搭载船体 观测目标 自然资源部北海局 向阳红08 常规水质、叶绿素、营养盐、
总有机碳、重金属等自然资源部东海局 海监47 常规水质、叶绿素、营养盐、赤潮生物等 国家海洋技术中心 商业船 常规水质、营养盐等
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表 9 我国主要生态问题统计[2]
Table 9. National Ecological problem in 2023
发生海区 赤潮发现次数/次 局地性生物暴发事件/次 渤海 9 3 黄海 6 1 东海 24 1 南海 7 0
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表 10 营养盐要素传统监测与海洋观测系统对比分析
Table 10. Comparison between traditional monitoring and ocean observing system in nutrients parameters
要素 观测方法 氨氮 亚硝酸盐–氮 硝酸盐–氮 活性磷酸盐 监测方法 传统监测 分光光度法 流动分析法 流动分析法 流动分析法 海洋观测系统 OPA荧光法 盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法 紫外还原–分光光度法 磷钼蓝分光光度法 监测频率 传统监测 月度/季度/次 海洋观测系统 4 h/次 分析精度 传统监测 0.0044 mg/L0.0005 mg/L0.0030 mg/L0.0008 mg/L海洋观测系统 0.005 mg/L 0.002 mg/L 0.010 mg/L 0.003 mg/L 注：传统分析方法数据采用美国哈希流动注射分析仪测得，海洋观测系统采用广州和时通电子科技有限公司的原位水质营养盐分析仪测得
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