Formation process and connectivity of sliding zone soil of Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
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摘要:
滑带土的特性对滑坡稳定性和滑坡活动具有重要的控制意义，也是滑坡防治重点考虑的必要因素。已有的滑带土调查研究主要关注滑体位移的监测等物理稳定性评估，而对滑带尤其是滑带黏土化学特性的分析研究比较有限。对黄土坡滑坡的滑带土样品进行了X射线粉晶衍射（XRD）、X射线荧光光谱分析（XRF）、Mössbauer谱及磁化率等测试分析。结果表明，伴随强烈的水−岩相互作用，黄土坡滑坡的滑带内发生了方解石溶解和黏土矿物形成作用，以及相伴随的Ca元素消减和Si、Al及Fe等元素相对富集，导致滑带内不断沉淀和聚集黏土类物质，形成典型的条带状或鸡窝状分布的滑带土。滑带土富集Fe3+而亏损Fe2+，指示滑带内相对较强的氧化环境，由此揭示黄土坡滑坡滑带内水体与外界水体的连通性较好，即滑带内处于稳定的氧化环境；因此，滑带土的Fe3+/∑Fe比值可以指示滑带的连通性以及化学稳定性。基于研究样品磁化率$\chi $和全铁含量提出经验公式$ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{3+}}/\sum {\mathrm{Fe}}=({{\chi +1.059}})/{\text{2.414}}w(\text{T}{\text{Fe}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{3}} $)，并利用样品磁化率和全铁含量，可以快速获取滑带土的Fe3+/∑Fe比值，进而判识滑带内的氧化还原条件，评估滑带与外界的连通性及稳定性，可以明显增强滑坡风险评估的时效性。研究成果为滑坡稳定性评估提供新的参考依据。
Abstract:Objective The characteristics of sliding zone soil play an important role in landslide stability and activity, and are also essential factors for effective landslide prevention and control. Existing research on sliding zone soil primarily focuses on physical stability assessments, including monitoring of sliding mass displacement, whereas limited studies explore the chemical characteristics of sliding zone soil, especially sliding zone clay.
Methods To address this gap, a comprehensive analysis of sliding zone soil samples from the Huangtupo landslide was conducted using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility.
Results The results revealed that intense water-rock interactions in the sliding zone led to the dissolution of calcite and the formation of clay minerals. These processes caused a loss of Ca and the relative enrichment of Si, Al, and Fe, resulting in continuous deposition and aggregation of clay minerals in the sliding zone, and formed a typical strip-shaped or nest-like sliding zone soil. The sliding zone soil was enriched in Fe3+ but depleted in Fe2+, indicating a relatively strong oxidation environment. This suggested that the sliding zone had good connectivity with the surroundings, and the water in the sliding zone and the external water (especially the infiltration of surface water) might be in a relatively smooth and stable circulation state. Therefore, the Fe3+/∑Fe ratio of sliding zone soil can be used to indicate the connectivity and chemical stability of the sliding zone. The higher the magnetic susceptibility of the sliding zone soil, the higher the corresponding Fe3+ content, and the better the connectivity of the landslide, indicating that the landslide is more stable. Based on the results of magnetic susceptibility and total iron content of the samples, an empirical formula $ {\text{Fe}}^{\text{3+}}/\Sigma{\text{Fe}}=(\chi +1.059)/{\text{2.414}}w(\text{T}{\text{Fe}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{3}} $) is proposed. This formula enables a quick calculation of the Fe3+/∑Fe ratio of the sliding zone soil to identify the redox environment and evaluate the connectivity and stability between the sliding zone and the surrounding environment. This approach enhances the timeliness of landslide risk assessments.
Conclusion The research results provide a new basis for landslide stability evaluation.
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图 1 黄土坡滑坡临江1号崩滑体工程地质平面图[27]
Qml. 第四系人工填土；Qdel. 第四系滑坡堆积层；Qcol-dl. 第四系崩积-坡积层；T2b3-2. 中三叠统巴三-二段；T2b3-1. 中三叠统巴三-一段；
Figure 1. Engineering geological plan view of No.1 riverside slump-mass of Huangtupo landslide
图 2 三峡库区黄土坡滑坡滑带土样品采集剖面图
a. 5号支洞直洞；b. 5号支洞右洞。HDT-1～16. 滑带土样品编号；TJT-1. 原岩（泥灰岩）样品编号；HT-1. 滑体样品编号；剖面1～3位置见图1；下同
Figure 2. Profiles of soil sample collection from sliding zone of Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
图 3 黄土坡滑坡剖面样品全岩X射线衍射图（Qtz. 石英；Cal. 方解石）
Figure 3. XRD patterns of bulk rock samples from Huangtupo landslide
图 5 黄土坡滑坡剖面样品矿物含量与位置关系图
样品采集位置见图2
Figure 5. Relationship between mineral content and location of bulk samples from Huangtupo landslide
图 6 黄土坡滑坡剖面样品磁化率与化学组分关系图
Figure 6. Relationship between magnetic susceptibility and chemical composition of bulk samples from Huangtupo landslide
表 1 黄土坡滑坡剖面样品中主要矿物成分及其相对含量
Table 1. Main mineral components and their relative contents in bulk samples from Huangtupo landslide
样品编号 样品类型 石英 长石 方解石 黏土矿物 wB/% HDT-1 滑带土 30 0 25 45 HDT-2 滑带土 20 0 30 50 HDT-3 滑带土 7 3 40 50 HDT-4 滑带土 16 0 56 28 HT-1 滑体 10 0 63 27 HDT-5 滑带土 29 0 25 46 HDT-6 滑带土 25 0 45 30 HDT-7 滑带土 20 0 60 20 HDT-8 滑带土 25 0 30 45 TJT-1 残留原岩 3 0 97 0 HDT-9 滑带土 20 0 30 50 HDT-10 滑带土 21 0 33 46 HDT-11 滑带土 15 0 42 43 HDT-12 滑带土 35 0 27 38 HDT-13 滑带土 20 0 45 35 HDT-14 滑带土 24 0 46 30 HDT-15 滑带土 15 0 50 35 HDT-16 滑带土 38 0 22 40 HC-1 滑床 10 0 81 9 HC-2 滑床 10 0 86 4 注：HC-1, 2. 滑床样品编号，下同 
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表 2 黄土坡滑坡剖面样品主量元素质量分数
Table 2. Major element contents of bulk samples from Huangtupo landslide
wB/% 样品编号 样品类型 SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 TFe2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 损失量 总量 HDT-1 滑带土 44.06 0.59 13.38 6.79 4.85 1.75 0.03 2.50 14.11 0.09 3.11 0.13 14.75 99.51 HDT-2 滑带土 35.29 1.05 22.05 4.29 3.07 1.10 0.02 2.51 13.12 0.15 6.38 0.12 14.62 99.61 HDT-3 滑带土 32.21 1.00 18.80 4.61 3.00 1.45 0.03 2.87 17.23 0.12 4.96 0.12 17.58 99.55 HDT-4 滑带土 36.42 0.62 17.57 5.95 4.96 0.89 0.09 2.38 15.78 0.13 3.63 0.09 17.02 99.67 HT-1 滑体 28.11 0.51 14.07 4.78 3.84 0.84 0.06 2.11 23.96 0.11 3.28 0.09 22.57 99.65 HDT-5 滑带土 49.10 0.59 14.66 4.91 3.67 1.12 0.04 2.12 11.60 0.10 3.46 0.12 12.54 99.25 HDT-6 滑带土 36.48 0.43 11.56 3.98 2.97 0.91 0.03 1.85 22.16 0.10 2.64 0.08 20.22 99.56 HDT-7 滑带土 32.60 0.38 10.27 3.65 2.74 0.82 0.04 1.58 25.64 0.09 2.46 0.08 22.71 99.49 HDT-8 滑带土 45.43 0.60 22.70 9.01 8.16 0.77 0.06 2.08 5.29 0.19 3.49 0.08 10.41 99.34 TJT-1 残留原岩 1.82 0.02 0.58 0.43 0.43 0 0.01 0.35 53.72 0.05 0.12 0.01 42.81 99.91 HDT-9 滑带土 36.50 0.54 18.39 7.41 6.40 0.91 0.05 1.77 14.70 0.13 2.88 0.06 16.79 99.21 HDT-10 滑带土 39.77 0.57 14.36 5.34 3.77 1.41 0.02 2.22 16.97 0.09 3.47 0.13 16.51 99.46 HDT-11 滑带土 25.72 0.37 9.79 3.37 2.50 0.78 0.04 1.73 30.17 0.07 2.45 0.08 26.04 99.83 HDT-12 滑带土 50.76 0.61 14.95 5.01 3.80 1.13 0.04 2.08 10.86 0.09 3.44 0.12 11.85 99.81 HDT-13 滑带土 35.88 0.43 11.51 3.93 2.65 1.15 0.03 1.81 22.84 0.12 2.61 0.08 20.69 99.96 HDT-14 滑带土 36.41 0.42 11.42 3.85 2.74 1.00 0.03 1.78 22.59 0.10 2.62 0.08 20.72 100.03 HDT-15 滑带土 34.50 0.49 10.39 4.07 3.48 0.53 0.04 1.51 24.34 0.12 2.38 0.09 21.72 99.67 HDT-16 滑带土 51.52 0.63 13.11 4.72 3.82 0.81 0.04 2.25 11.63 0.27 2.75 0.12 12.34 99.39
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表 3 黄土坡滑坡剖面样品穆斯堡尔谱测试分析结果（铁的各化学种以及全铁含量）
Table 3. Mössbauer spectrum test analysis results of bulk samples from Huangtupo landslide (relative contents of iron species and total iron contents)
样品编号 全铁质量分数/% 铁化学种 铁相对质量分数/% IS/(mm·s−1) QS/(mm·s−1) B/T HW/(mm·s−1) HDT-1 6.79 Fe3+ 0.71±0.04 0.375±0.015 0.716±0.025 0.582±0.584 Fe2+ 0.29±0.03 1.091±0.039 2.740±0.071 0.582±0.237 HDT-2 4.29 Fe3+ 0.71±0.06 0.398±0.027 0.731±0.046 0.826±0.109 Fe2+ 0.29±0.03 1.172±0.031 2.691±0.060 0.469±0.077 HDT-3 4.61 Fe3+ 0.65±0.05 0.384±0.018 0.733±0.030 0.614±0.060 Fe2+ 0.35±0.04 1.082±0.048 2.697±0.092 0.772±0.139 HDT-4 5.95 Fe3+ 0.83±0.04 0.367±0.011 0.609±0.018 0.513±0.031 Fe2+ 0.17±0.04 1.035±0.053 2.680±0.098 0.539±0.194 HDT-5 4.91 Fe3+ 0.75±0.04 0.314±0.016 0.765±0.034 0.615±0.049 Fe2+ 0.25±0.04 1.287±0.043 2.250±0.089 0.579±0.130 HDT-6 3.98 Fe3+ 0.75±0.04 0.391±0.012 0.662±0.019 0.629±0.040 Fe2+ 0.25±0.02 1.098±0.020 2.701±0.040 0.439±0.054 HDT-7 3.65 Fe3+ 0.75±0.05 0.391±0.016 0.654±0.026 0.523±0.045 Fe2+ 0.25±0.04 1.108±0.036 2.624±0.072 0.485±0.123 HDT-8 9.01 Fe3+ 0.91±0.03 0.346±0.007 0.595±0.012 0.542±0.022 磁性矿物 0.09±0.02 0.404±0.023 51.936±0.171 0.194±0.068 HDT-9 7.41 Fe3+ 0.86±0.02 0.353±0.006 0.589±0.009 0.498±0.017 磁性矿物 0.14±0.04 0.483±0.046 29.190±0.316 0.460±0.237 HDT-10 5.34 Fe3+ 0.71±0.05 0.336±0.044 0.762±0.077 0.689±0.096 Fe2+(Ⅰ） 0.25±0.06 1.177±0.102 2.447±0.206 0.676±0.250 Fe2+(Ⅱ) 0.04±0.02 1.816±0.027 1.333±0.052 0.150±0.118 HDT-11 3.37 Fe3+ 0.74±0.06 0.407±0.024 0.629±0.035 0.621±0.065 Fe2+ 0.26±0.04 1.101±0.032 2.693±0.060 0.394±0.084 HDT-11-XM Fe3+ 0.80±0.06 0.349±0.026 0.698±0.042 0.595±0.072 Fe2+ 0.20±0.08 1.096±0.049 2.578±0.116 0.359±0.224 HDT-12 5.01 Fe3+ 0.76±0.05 0.344±0.019 0.724±0.030 0.630±0.057 Fe2+ 0.24±0.04 1.080±0.053 2.721±0.104 0.625±0.163 HDT-13 3.93 Fe3+ 0.68±0.07 0.372±0.018 0.660±0.030 0.499±0.053 Fe2+ 0.32±0.05 1.120±0.056 2.726±0.101 0.570±0.133 HDT-14 3.85 Fe3+ 0.71±0.04 0.355±0.011 0.676±0.019 0.526±0.038 Fe2+ 0.29±0.03 1.100±0.031 2.613±0.060 0.543±0.075 HDT-15 4.07 Fe3+ 0.85±0.05 0.359±0.014 0.617±0.022 0.555±0.045 Fe2+ 0.15±0.01 1.938±0.076 1.041±0.105 0.582 HDT-16 4.72 Fe3+ 0.81±0.05 0.361±0.015 0.618±0.024 0.506±0.042 Fe2+ 0.19±0.04 1.126±0.040 2.652±0.082 0.402±0.130 HT-1 4.78 Fe3+ 0.80±0.05 0.354±0.016 0.639±0.026 0.581±0.054 Fe2+ 0.20±0.05 1.034±0.041 2.615±0.085 0.471±0.195 TJT-1 0.43 Fe3+ 1.00±0.19 0.303±0.031 0.537±0.053 0.513±0.146 注：HDT-11-XM. 现磨现测对照样品编号；IS. 同质异能位移，指穆斯堡尔谱中的单峰或双峰的中心位置与多普勒零速度之间的速度差；QS. 四级分裂，指双峰中2条吸收线中心的距离；B. 磁超精细场，指穆斯堡尔核处存在的有效磁场；HW. 半高宽，指共振吸收峰的最大高度一半处的全宽度
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表 4 黄土坡滑坡剖面样品磁化率
Table 4. Magnetic susceptibility of bulk samples from Huangtupo landslide
样品编号 样品类型 样品颜色 样品质量/g 质量磁化率/(10−8m3·kg−1) HDT-1 滑带土 黄色 2.90 8.67 HDT-2 滑带土 浅黄色 3.01 6.26 HDT-3 滑带土 黄色 3.04 7.26 HDT-4 滑带土 红色 3.00 10.62 HT-1 滑带土 红色 3.02 8.85 HDT-5 滑带土 红色 3.00 8.40 HDT-6 滑带土 绿色 3.01 6.63 HDT-7 滑带土 黄绿色 3.00 5.16 HDT-8 滑带土 红色 2.40 18.22 TJT-1 残留原岩 黑色 3.03 0.69 HDT-9 滑带土 棕红色 1.17 17.52 HDT-10 滑带土 黄色 1.50 7.55 HDT-11 滑带土 黄色 3.07 5.36 HDT-12 滑带土 红色 3.04 8.00 HDT-13 滑带土 黄色 3.03 5.84 HDT-14 滑带土 绿色 3.00 5.79 HDT-15 滑带土 黄色 3.00 5.04 HDT-16 滑带土 黄色 3.00 6.19
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