不同降雨雨型对含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡变形破坏影响的试验

沈颜参; 曾鑫; 陈菲菲; 李喜; 陈梦源; 章广成

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240494

不同降雨雨型对含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡变形破坏影响的试验

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240494

1.
中国地质大学（武汉）工程学院，武汉 430074
2.
中国能源建设集团湖南省电力设计院有限公司，长沙 410007
3.
湖北省地质环境总站资源与生态环境地质湖北省重点实验室，武汉 430034

基金项目: 国家自然科学联合重点基金项目（U2340230）；湖北省重点研发计划项目（2023BCB117）

详细信息

作者简介:
沈颜参：E-mail：sys@cug.edu.cn

通讯作者:
E-mail：zhangguangc@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P642.22
计量
- 文章访问数: 77
- PDF下载量: 20
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-08-30
- 录用日期: 2024-10-10
- 修回日期: 2024-10-09
- 网络出版日期: 2025-12-18

Experimental study on the effects of different rainfall patterns on deformation and failure of bedding rock slopes with weak interlayers

1.
Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan) , Wuhan 430074, China
2.
China Energy Engineering Group Hunan Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha 410007, China
3.
Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Eco-Environment Geology, Geological Environmental Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430034, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：sys@cug.edu.cn

Corresponding author: E-mail：zhangguangc@cug.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
三峡库区作为强降雨区域，是我国滑坡灾害最严重的地区之一，降雨作用下顺层岩质边坡极易发生滑坡，统计表明64%的巨型、大型滑坡发育于此类结构岩质岸坡段，尤其含软弱夹层的顺层岩质边坡。为研究此类边坡的变形特征及其对降雨模式的相应规律，以杉树槽顺层岩质边坡为原型，采用缩尺物理模型试验方法，模拟了前峰型、中峰型、后峰型和无峰型4种不同降雨雨型下，含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡的变形破坏全过程，进而分析了边坡应力场、渗流场演变特征，并对边坡变形破坏阶段进行了划分。结果表明：①不同降雨雨型主要影响软弱夹层应力与渗流的响应时间，对岩体间作用力影响较小。②含软弱夹层顺层岩质边坡的应力重分布主要集中于软弱夹层处，其中坡脚应力变化幅度最大。不同降雨雨型作用下软弱夹层的孔隙水压力和位移变化趋势大致相同，但其初始响应时间存在较大差异。③不同降雨雨型作用下，滑坡破坏模式以整体滑移破坏、局部滑移-拉裂破坏2种形式为主，且随着降雨雨型雨峰位置的前移，其牵引式破坏特征愈加显著。④根据物理模型试验中边坡宏观变形特征及多场监测数据，可将顺层岩质边坡变形破坏过程划分为3个阶段，即坡体前缘变形阶段、坡体应变累积发展阶段、整体加速变形阶段。本研究揭示了顺层岩质边坡变形特征及其演化过程对降雨雨型的响应规律，对库区滑坡灾害防控与运营安全具有重大意义。
- 杉树槽滑坡 /
- 软弱夹层 /
- 顺层岩质边坡 /
- 降雨雨型 /
- 物理模型试验 /
- 变形破坏
Abstract: Objective
The Three Gorges Reservoir area, a region prone to heavy rainfall, is one of the most landslide-prone areas in China. Under the influence of rainfall, bedding rock slopes are particularly susceptible to landslides. Statistics indicate that 64% of the massive and large landslides occur in such structural rock slopes, especially bedding rock slopes with weak interlayers, posing severe threats to the safety of people and property. understanding the deformation characteristics of these bedding rock slopes and their response to rainfall patterns is of great significance for the construction and operation of the reservoir area.
Methods
This study used the Shanshucao bedding rock slope as a prototype and conducted scaled physical model tests to simulate the entire deformation and failure process of bedding rock slopes with weak interlayers under four different rainfall patterns: front-peak, middle-peak, rear-peak, and no-peak. The tests were designed to the evolution characteristics of the stress field and seepage field within the slope and to identify the stages of slope deformation and failure.
Results
The research findings indicated that: (1) Different rainfall patterns primarily affected the response time of stress and seepage in the weak interlayer, with minimal impact on the interaction forces within the rock mass. (2) The stress redistribution caused by bedding rock slopes with weak interlayer was mainly concentrated in the weak interlayer, with the stress variation being most significant at the toe of the slope. Although the trends of pore water pressure and displacement changes in the weak interlayer were generally similar under different rainfall patterns, there were significant differences in the initial response time of pore water pressure. (3) Under different rainfall patterns, the landslide failure modes were mainly characterized by overall sliding failure and local sliding-tensile cracking failure. As the rainfall peak position shifted forward, the traction-type failure became more pronounced. manifested by a forware shift in the location of the rear edge cracks of the landslide. (4) Based on the macroscopic deformation characteristics of the slope observed in the physical model tests and multi-field monitoring data, the deformation and failure process of the bedding rock slope could be divided into three stages: Deformation at the leading edge, the strain accumulation and development stage, and the overall accelerated deformation stage.
Conclusion
These findings reveal the response patterns of the deformation characteristics and evolutionary processes of bedding rock slopes to rainfall patterns, which provides important insights for landslide hazard prevention and the safe.
- Shanshucao landslide /
- weak interlayer /
- bedding rock slope /
- rainfall pattern /
- physical model test /
- deformation and failure

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图 1 杉树槽滑坡地理位置

Figure 1. Geographical map of Shanshucao landslide

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图 2 杉树槽滑坡工程地质平面图（a）和剖面图（b）

Figure 2. Engineering geological map (a) and cross-section (b) of Shanshucao landslide

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图 3 地层岩性

a. 长石石英砂岩；b. 泥质粉砂岩；c. 紫红色砂质页岩；d. 黄绿色泥岩

Figure 3. Stratigraphic lithology

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图 4 滑坡降雨试验装置图

Figure 4. Experimental apparatus for landslide rainfall test

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图 5 降雨系统喷头布置情况

Figure 5. Sprinkler arrangement of rainfall system

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图 6 传感器实际埋设情况

Figure 6. Actual sensor installation layout

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图 7 雨型设计方案

Figure 7. Design scheme for rainfall patterns

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图 8 降雨参数与水泵功率关系

Figure 8. Relationship between pump power and rainfall parameters

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图 9 物理模型试验现象图

a. 试验1-后峰型55 min时刻坡体形态；b. 试验1-后峰型447 min时刻坡体形态；c. 试验2-中峰型77 min时刻坡体形态；d. 试验2-中峰型412 min时刻坡体形态；e. 试验3-前峰型61 min时刻坡体形态；f. 试验3-前峰型371 min时刻坡体形态；g. 试验4-无峰型44 min时刻坡体形态；h. 试验4-无峰型400 min时刻坡体形态

Figure 9. Experimental phenomena of physical model test

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图 10 坡体软弱夹层孔隙水压力监测曲线图（孔压计K1～K3埋设位置见图6）

Figure 10. Pore water pressure monitoring curves of weak interlayer in slope

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图 11 坡体土压力监测曲线图（土压计T1～T6埋设位置见图6）

Figure 11. Soil pressure monitoring curves of slope

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图 12 坡体位移点选取及相应位置

绿色点为堆砌模型采取插空的方式在每层预制块侧面中点处插入圆形图钉作为标记点，以标识坡体表面的变形破坏情况；红色点为选取坡顶、坡中、坡脚的6个监测点作为标记点，采用定时连续快照的方式拍摄记录坡体侧壁的变形情况；数字1～6为监测点编号；下同

Figure 12. Selection of slope displacement points and corresponding locations

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图 13 边坡模型降雨过程监测点位移−时间曲线图（监测点位置1～6见图12）

①为坡体前缘变形阶段；②为坡体应变累积发展阶段；③为整体加速变形阶段

Figure 13. Displacement-time curves of monitoring points during rainfall of slope model

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图 14 滑坡变形破坏阶段划分

a，b. 坡体前缘变形阶段；c～f. 坡体应变累积发展阶段；g，h. 整体加速变形阶段；a，c，e，g. 滑坡坡体监测点位置；b，d，f，h. 滑坡坡体监测点形变速度图

Figure 14. Division of deformation and failure stages of landslide

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表 1 模型材料与原型材料相似关系

Table 1. Similarity relationships between model materials and prototype materials

物理量	相似常数	比例因子
几何尺寸l	C_l（控制量）	200
重度γ	C_γ（控制量）	1
黏聚力c	C_c	200
内摩擦角φ	C_φ	1
降雨强度q	C_q	1

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表 2 硬岩相似材料配比及测试结果

Table 2. Proportions and test results of similar materials for hard rock

试验编号	相似材料及质量配比					物理力学参数
	石英砂	重晶石粉	水泥	石膏	w(水)/%	黏聚力c/kPa		内摩擦角φ/(°)
	质量配比因子				w(水)/%	天然	饱和	天然	饱和
1	3	6	0	1	14	29.77	26.35	36.2	32.1
2	6	3	0	1		21.37	17.71	34.1	30.1
3	3	6	0.25	0.75		37.61	31.21	38.1	35.1
4	3	6	0.50	0.50		42.71	38.96	44.1	43.7
5	3	6	0	1.50		33.52	31.15	38.7	32.7
6	3	6	0	2		37.62	33.11	39.7	33.5
7	4	5	0	1		28.24	24.63	35.2	31.8
8	5	4	0	1		26.74	21.34	34.9	30.5

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表 3 软弱夹层相似材料配比及测试结果

Table 3. Proportions and test results of similar materials for weak interlayer

试验编号	相似材料及质量配比						物理力学参数
	黏土	石英砂	重晶石粉	石膏	w(水)/%	w(汽车机油)/%	黏聚力c/kPa		内摩擦角φ/(°)
	质量配比因子				w(水)/%	w(汽车机油)/%	天然	饱和	天然	饱和
1	3	6	0	1	14	2	6.51	3.15	29.6	26.9
2	3	6	0	1	16		2.41	1.27	28.7	24.2
3	3	6	0	1	18		1.12	0.51	26.1	19.7
4	6	3	0	1	18		8.19	6.64	27.8	26.5
5	3	6	0.50	0.50	18		0.97	0.77	26.4	25.1
6	3	6	0.25	0.75	18		1.01	0.84	26.7	25.2
7	4	5	0	1	18		3.96	2.87	25.7	22.5
8	5	4	0	1	18		6.71	5.52	24.9	23.7

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表 4 相似材料目标值与实际值

Table 4. Target values and actual values of similar materials

材料类型	参数	密度/(g·cm⁻³)		黏聚力/kPa		内摩擦角/(°)
材料类型	参数	天然	饱和	天然	饱和	天然	饱和
硬岩	原岩	2.55	2.65	6.72×10³	4.39×10³	37.20	34.30
	目标值	2.55	2.65	33.60	21.90	37.20	34.30
	最佳相似材料	2.32	2.71	37.61	31.21	38.10	35.10
	理论相似比	1	1	200	200	1	1
	实际相似比	1.09	0.98	178.70	140.70	0.98	0.98
软弱夹层	原岩	1.84	1.96	137.20	86	26.30	20.10
	目标值	1.84	1.96	0.69	0.43	26.30	20.10
	最佳相似材料	1.79	2.01	1.12	0.51	26.10	19.70
	理论相似比	1	1	200	200	1	1
	实际相似比	1.03	0.97	122.50	168.60	1.01	1.02

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表 5 物理模型试验监测仪器

Table 5. Monitoring instruments for physical model test

设备名称	参数指标	设备照片
BWMK型孔隙水压力计	量程范围：0.01～3.0 MPa 准确度误差：≤0.3%F·S 灵敏度：0.05 mv/kPa
LY-350型应变式土压力计	量程范围：0～100 kPa 准确度误差：≤0.05%F·S 精度等级：0.5
DT85G数据采集仪	读数精度：0.01% 最大采样速度：25 Hz
注：F·S表示仪器仪表测试中的满量程（Full Scale）精度

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表 6 各雨型降雨强度设计

Table 6. Design of rainfall intensity for different rainfall patterns

降雨雨型	小时降雨量/mm	降雨历时/h
后峰型	5t	9
中峰型	10t−5（1≤t≤5）； 100−10t（6≤t≤9）	9
前峰型	50−5t	9
无峰型	25	9
注：t为降雨时间

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表 7 各降雨雨型位移突增与破坏时间

Table 7. Sudden displacement increases and failure times for different rainfall patterns

降雨雨型	位移突增时间/min	破坏时间/min
前峰型	331	371
中峰型	371	412
后峰型	404	456
无峰型	362	405

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