雪峰隆起带金矿床有机地球化学特征及其成矿指示意义：以沃溪和万古金矿为例

陈海龙; 权永彬; 陈平波; 欧阳志强; 张威; 彭欢; 卜建财; 陈勇

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240481

雪峰隆起带金矿床有机地球化学特征及其成矿指示意义：以沃溪和万古金矿为例

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20240481

陈海龙^1,,
权永彬^{2a, 2b, ,},
陈平波^{1, 2b},
欧阳志强¹,
张威¹,
彭欢³,
卜建财¹,
陈勇¹

1 .
湖南省遥感地质调查监测所，长沙 410015
2a .
中国地质大学（武汉）：资源学院
2b .
中国地质大学（武汉）：构造与油气资源教育部重点实验室，武汉 430074
3 .
武汉新世纪科技有限公司，武汉 430074

基金项目: 湖南省自然资源厅科技计划项目（2023-0145DZ）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈海龙：E-mail：444352037@qq.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：quanyongbin@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P618.12
计量
- 文章访问数: 266
- PDF下载量: 30
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-08-26
- 录用日期: 2025-04-28
- 修回日期: 2025-04-25
- 网络出版日期: 2025-05-30

Organic geochemical characteristics and their metallogenic indication of gold deposits in Xuefeng uplift zone: A case study of Woxi and Wangu gold deposits

1 .
Hunan Provincial Remote Sensing Geological Survey and Monitoring Institute, Changsha 410015, China
2a .
School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
2b .
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
3 .
Wuhan Xinshengji Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：444352037@qq.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：quanyongbin@cug.edu.cn

摘要

摘要:
前期有机烃深部找矿实践表明，沃溪、万古金矿床深边部呈现的深源叠加异常，与其外围矿化体所展现的同生叠加异常，在深部找矿意义上存在显著差异。为进一步探索两者在Au与有机质的成矿成晕机理方面的不同，聚焦于雪峰隆起带大中型金矿床（沃溪和万古）和外围矿化体（浅表金矿化良好但深部矿化较差），综合运用岩石热解分析（Rock-Eval）、氯仿沥青“A”抽提及族组分分离定量、饱和烃气相色谱−质谱分析、流体包裹体及C-H-O-S稳定同位素示踪等方法和手段，针对成矿地质特征、有机地球化学特征、流体包裹体和同位素地球化学特征等方面展开对比研究，进而探讨两者Au−有机质的成矿成晕机理。研究结果表明：①大中型金矿床与外围矿化体成矿地质特征不同。前者经历区域变质热液充填交代作用和后期深源流体叠加成矿过程；后者只经历区域变质热液的充填交代成矿过程。②两者都存有吸附型有机质，且有机质来源与原始沉积环境具有相似性。然而，大中型金矿床w（TOC）明显高于外围矿化体50%以上，同时有机质的氧指数、烃指数分别低于矿化体10倍和3～8倍等，这说明大中型金矿床有机质的丰度和成熟度更高。③C-H-O-S稳定同位素示踪表明，大中型金矿床成矿物质来自地幔，成矿流体来自幔源流体多层次演化混合而成的“深源流体”；外围矿化体成矿物质仅来自含矿地层，其成矿流体来自地壳浅表流体混合而成的“浅源流体”，这体现出两者成矿流体动力学机制和混合机制上的差异，进而导致成矿地质意义不同。④两者成矿流体中有机质来源不同。大中型金矿床除吸附型有机质外，还存在“深源流体”带来的“增量”有机质叠加；外围矿化体仅存在吸附型有机质。这可能是大中型金矿床w（TOC）明显高于外围矿化体的主要原因。⑤两者Au与有机质的成矿成晕机理不同。大中型金矿床中，幔源流体携带的Au以Au（CH₃）^2＋、[Au（CH₂NH₂COO）]^2＋等有机络合物或螯合物结合方式为主，且有液态和气态2种迁移模式；外围矿化体中，浅源流体Au与有机质以物理吸附结合方式为主，失去了Au形成有机络合或螯合的地球化学意义。这一差异表现为大中型金矿床不同载体（矿体及上覆岩层或土壤）中有机烃类异常强度较强，Au与有机烃相关性良好；外围矿化体中不同载体中，有机烃类异常强度相对较弱，Au与有机烃相关性较差。这一结论与前期有机烃深部找矿实践提出的 “深源流体成矿−成矿物质来自深源−Au与有机烃相关性良好−深源叠加异常−深部找矿潜力较大”以及“浅源流体成矿−成矿物质仅来自地层−Au与有机烃相关性较差−同生叠加异常−深部找矿潜力较差”的认识高度契合。研究结果可为勘查地球化学深部找矿潜力评价提供新的研究思路和方向。
- 有机质 /
- 成矿机理 /
- 矿化体 /
- 金矿床 /
- 雪峰隆起带 /
- 沃溪金矿 /
- 万古金矿
Abstract: Objective
Previous deep mineral exploration by organic hydrocarbons revealed that the deep-source superimposed anomalies observed in the deep and marginal parts of the Woxi and Wangu gold deposits differ significantly from the syngenetic superimposed anomalies identified in peripheral mineralized bodies. To further investigate the different halo-forming mechanisms between Au mineralization and organic matter formation.
Methods
this study focused on large to medium sized gold deposits (Woxi and Wangu) in the Xuefeng uplift belt and their peripheral mineralized bodies (characterized by good gold mineralization in shallow but poor deep mineralization). The analytical methods include rock- pyrolysis analysis (Rock-Eval), chloroform asphalt "A" extraction and fractional component separation quantification, saturated hydrocarbon analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), fluid inclusion, and C-H-O-S stable isotope analysis. These comparative investigations were conducted on their ore forming geological characteristics, organic geochemical signatures, fluid inclusion and isotopic geochemical features. This approach aims to elucidate the Au-organic matter mineralization and halo-forming mechanisms.
Results
The results indicate that: (1) Large-to-medium gold deposits and peripheral mineralized bodies have different metallogenic geological characteristics. The former underwent regional metamorphic hydrothermal filling and metasomatism followed by a superimposed mineralization involving deep-source fluids, while the latter only experienced regional metamorphic hydrothermal filling and metasomatism. (2) Both systems contain adsorbed organic and, the source of organic matter is similar with their original depositional environments. However, The total organic carbon (TOC) content in large-to-medium gold deposits exceeds that of peripheral mineralized bodies by over 50%, along with oxygen and hydrocarbon indices being 10 and 3-8 times lower, respectively. This indicates higher abundance and maturity of organic matter in large-to-medium gold deposits. (3) C-H-O-S stable isotope results demonstrate that metallogenic materials in large-to-medium gold deposits originates from the mantle, while the ore-forming fluids is a "deep-source fluids" formed by multi-stage evolution and mixing of mantle-derived fluids. In contrast, the metallogenic materials of peripheral mineralized bodies derived solely from ore-bearing strata, and their ore-forming fluids originated from shallow crustal fluids ("shallow-source fluids"). These differences reflect distinct fluid dynamics and mixing mechanisms, leading to divergent geological significances in mineralization. (4) Two type deposits have different organic matter sources in ore-forming fluids. The large-to-medium gold deposits contain not only the "incremental" organic matter introduced by deep-source fluids but also the adsorbed organic matter, whereas peripheral mineralized bodies contain only adsorbed organic matter. This likely explains the significantly higher TOC in the former. (5) The different halo-forming mechanisms between Au and organic matter mineralization. In large-to-medium gold deposits, Au transported by mantle-derived fluids predominantly exists as organic complexes ore chelates (e.g., Au(CH₃)²⁺, [Au(CH₂NH₂COO)]²⁺) and migrates via both liquid and gaseous phases. In contrast, Au in peripheral mineralized bodies associates with organic matter through physical adsorption, lacking geochemical significance of organic complexation/chelation. This distinction manifests as stronger organic hydrocarbon anomalies and strong correlation between Au and organic hydrocarbon by different carriers (ore bodies, overlying strata, or soils) in large-to-medium gold deposit. In peripheral mineralized bodies, hydrocarbon anomalies are weaker, and Au-hydrocarbon are poorer. These conclusions align with early organic hydrocarbon-based deep prospecting observations: "deep-source fluid mineralization—metallogenic materials derived from deep sources -strong Au-organic hydrocarbon correlations—deep-source superimposed anomalies—high deep prospecting potential" versus "shallow-source fluid mineralization—mineralizing material confined to strata—weak Au-organic hydrocarbon correlations-syngenetic superimposed anomalies-limited deep prospecting potential".
Conclusion
This study provides novel insights and directions for evaluating deep prospecting potential in exploration geochemistry.
- organic matter /
- metallogenic mechanism /
- mineralized /
- gold deposit /
- Xuefeng uplift zone /
- Woxi gold deposit /
- Wangu gold deposit

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图 1 湖南雪峰隆起带地质图（据文献[18]修改）

Figure 1. Geological map of the Xuefeng uplift zone in Hunan

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图 2 大中型金矿床和外围矿化体储层微观及手标本特征

a，b. 大中型金矿床石英脉正交偏光；c，d. 外围矿化体石英脉正交偏光；e，f. 大中型金矿床石英脉标本；g，h. 外围矿化体石英脉标本；Py. 黄铁矿；Qtz. 石英；Dol. 白云石；下同

Figure 2. Microscopic and hand specimen characteristics of large-to-medium gold deposits and peripheral mineralized bodies

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图 3 大中型金矿床和外围矿化体矿石中有机质包裹体特征

a，b. 大中型金矿床石英−Au−硫化物阶段流体包裹体；c，d. 大中型金矿床石英−Au−碳酸盐阶段流体包裹体；e，f. 外围矿化体石英−Au−硫化物阶段流体包裹体；g，h. 外围矿化体石英−Au−碳酸盐阶段流体包裹体；i. 赋矿围岩石英石矿物中流体包裹体；V. 气相；L. 液相；AS. 固体沥青包裹体；Cal. 方解石；下同

Figure 3. Features of organic matter inclusions in large-to-medium gold deposits and peripheral mineralized bodies

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图 4 万古金矿床饱和烃总离子流(TIC)(a)、不同质荷比(b～d)质量色谱图

Pr. 姥鲛烷；Ph. 植烷；C15～C32. 主峰碳数；下同

Figure 4. Total ion current (TIC) (a), m/z85 (b), m/z191 (c), m/z217 (d) mass chromatograms of saturated hydrocarbons in the Wangu gold deposit

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图 5 万古外围矿化体饱和烃总离子流(TIC)(a)、不同质荷比(b～d)质量色谱图

Figure 5. Total ion current (TIC) (a), m/z85 (b), m/z191 (c), m/z217 (d) mass chromatograms of saturated hydrocarbons in the peripheral mineralized bodies of the Wangu gold deposit

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图 6 沃溪金矿床饱和烃总离子流(TIC)(a)、不同质荷比(b～d)质量色谱图

Figure 6. Total ion current (TIC) (a), m/z85 (b), m/z191 (c), m/z217 (d) mass chromatograms of saturated hydrocarbons in the Woxi gold deposit

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图 7 沃溪外围矿化体饱和烃总离子流(TIC)(a)、不同质荷比(b～d)质量色谱图

Figure 7. Total ion current (TIC) (a), m/z85 (b), m/z191 (c), m/z217 (d) mass chromatograms of saturated hydrocarbons in the peripheral mineralized bodies of Woxi gold deposit

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图 8 大中型金矿床和外围矿化体及赋矿围岩中石英流体包裹体拉曼光谱图

a，b，c. 大中型金矿床石英流体包裹体；d，e，f. 外围矿化体石英流体包裹体；g，h. 赋矿围岩石英流体包裹体

Figure 8. LAM spectra of fluid inclusions in quartz at large-to-medium gold deposits, peripheral mineralized bodies, and host rocks

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图 9 雪峰隆起带金矿体和矿化体石英脉H-O同位素图解

Figure 9. H-O isotope diagram of gold and mineralized quartz veins in the Xuefeng uplift zone

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图 10 雪峰隆起带石英脉型金矿床成矿晚期碳酸盐脉δ¹³C_PDB-δ¹⁸O_SMOW图

Figure 10. δ¹³C_PDB-δ¹⁸O_SMOW diagram of carbonate vein in late mineralization of quartz vein gold deposit in the Xuefeng uplift zone

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图 11 雪峰隆起带石英脉型金矿床碳同位素组成

Figure 11. Carbon isotope composition of quartz vein gold deposit in the Xuefeng uplift zone

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图 12 Au-有机络合物结构图（X. 配位基；R，R'. 羟基或H；n=0或1）

Figure 12. Structure of Au-organic complexes

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表 1 不同地质体Rock-Eval分析结果及统计表

Table 1. Rock-Eval results and statistical tables of organic matter in different geologic bodies

样号编号	样品类型	T_max	S₁/(mg·g⁻¹)	S₂/(mg·g⁻¹)	S₃/(mg·g⁻¹)	S₄co₂/(mg·g⁻¹)	w(RC)/%	w(TOC)/%	S₂/S₃	I_HC	OI/%
WG-1	金矿石	/	0.014	0.00	0.05	54.29	1.70	1.71	0.00	0.008	3
WX-1	金矿石	/	0.044	0.01	0.13	49.74	1.60	1.62	0.09	0.035	8
WG-2	蚀变岩	/	0.019	0.02	0.23	45.46	1.52	1.54	0.04	0.042	15
WX-2	蚀变岩	/	0.045	0.01	0.16	18.59	0.67	0.68	0.03	0.062	24
WG-3	砂质板岩	/	0.047	0.01	0.23	48.41	1.54	1.57	0.09	0.034	15
WX-3	含钙板岩	/	0.036	0.02	0.14	46.51	1.44	1.46	0.11	0.040	10
WU-4	矿化体	/	0.040	0.01	0.36	12.74	0.44	0.47	0.08	0.072	77
WX-4	矿化体	/	0.024	0.00	0.19	27.44	0.83	0.85	0.06	0.055	22
WG-5	蚀变岩	322	0.027	0.03	0.35	24.15	0.83	0.87	0.14	0.066	40
WX-5	蚀变岩	/	0.032	0.01	0.07	33.41	1.09	1.11	0.00	0.041	6
WG-6	砂质板岩	/	0.038	0.01	0.09	25.31	0.79	0.80	0.14	0.036	11
WX-6	含钙板岩	/	0.024	0.00	0.10	12.62	0.41	0.42	0	0.057	24
注：样品编号WG（万古金矿），WX（沃溪金矿）；S₁为游离烃量；S₂为热解烃量；S₃为有机一氧化碳与二氧化碳量；S₄为热解过程结束后，在纯氧/大气环境中分析残余碳含量；RC为残余碳；TOC为总有机碳，w（TOC）=（S₁+S₂）×0.083+w（RC）；S₂/S₃为类型指示；I_HC（烃指数）=S₁/w（TOC）；OI（氧指数）=100×S₃/w（TOC）；下同

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表 2 不同地质体有机质族组分分析结果计算表

Table 2. Calculation results of organic matter groups in different geological bodies w_B/%

样品编号	样品类型	氯仿沥青“A”/%	族组分/%				总烃均值/%	非+沥均值/%
样品编号	样品类型	氯仿沥青“A”/%	饱和烃	芳烃	非烃	沥青质	总烃均值/%	非+沥均值/%
WG-1	金矿石	0.001	41.6	25.0	8.3	16.7	63.3	31.7
WX-1	金矿石	0.005	41.0	17.9	17.9	20.5
WG-2	蚀变岩	0.004	50.0	25.0	12.5	6.3
WX-2	蚀变岩	0.003	42.1	10.5	23.7	21.1
WG-3	砂质板岩	0.004	34.7	8.7	23.9	30.4	35.4	62.0
WX-3	含钙板岩	0.004	21.2	6.1	48.5	21.2	35.4	62.0
WG-4	矿化体	0.002	20.0	5.7	57.1	8.6	49.1	44.9
WX-4	矿化体	0.005	38.9	27.8	22.2	5.6
WG-5	蚀变岩	0.003	35.0	15.0	15.0	30.0
WX-5	蚀变岩	0.004	41.7	12.5	12.5	29.2
WG-6	砂质板岩	0.002	33.3	19.4	16.6	22.2	53.3	40.6
WX-6	含钙板岩	0.002	23.1	30.8	19.2	23.1	53.3	40.6

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表 3 不同地质体可溶有机质色−质谱检测结果

Table 3. Results of color-mass spectrometry of soluble organic matter in different geologica bodies

样品编号	样品类型	主峰碳数	∑nC₂₁-/∑nC₂₂+	(nC₂₁+nC₂₂)/(nC₂₈+nC₂₉)	Pr/nC₁₇	Ph/nC₁₈	Pr/Ph
WX-6	砂质板岩	nC16	0.67	1.12	0.67	0.29	1.03
WX-3	砂质板岩	nC16	1.11	1.08	1.36	0.81	1.26
WG-3	砂质板岩	nC18	0.80	1.23	0.86	0.41	0.87
WG-6	砂质板岩	nC22	0.74	10.00	0.53	0.64	0.46
WX-5	蚀变岩	nC25	0.34	2.11	1.23	0.75	0.75
WX-7	蚀变岩	nC22	0.48	1.64	1.01	0.73	0.41
WG-2	蚀变岩	nC18	1.27	1.63	0.50	0.39	0.64
WG-7	蚀变岩	nC18	0.88	2.66	0.83	0.78	0.41
WX-4	矿化体	nC21	0.43	1.53	0.69	0.78	0.41
WG-4	矿化体	nC18	0.92	2.63	0.20	0.27	0.53
WX-1	金矿石	nC16	0.92	1.37	0.89	1.16	0.81
WG-1	金矿石	nC23	0.29	1.28	0.50	0.48	0.60
注：Pr. 姥鲛烷；Ph. 植烷

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表 4 不同地质体可溶有机成熟度指标计算结果

Table 4. Calculation results of soluble organic maturity indexes in different geological bodies

指标参数		万古金矿				沃溪金矿
指标参数		金矿石	砂质板岩	矿化体	砂质板岩	金矿石	含钙板岩	矿化体	含钙板岩
藿烷化合物	Tm/Ts	1.21	1.11	1.00	0.87	1.11	1.20	1.07	0.99
	C₃₁=22S/(22S+22R)	0.57	0.59	0.59	0.59	0.58	0.61	0.57	0.58
	C₃₂=22S/(22S+22R)	0.61	0.59	0.57	0.59	0.60	0.57	0.59	0.60
	C₃₃=22S/(22S+22R)	0.64	0.55	0.52	0.64	0.64	−	0.17	0.61
	C₃₄=22S/(22S+22R)	0.61	0.61	0.56	0.60	0.61	−	0.62	0.60
	C₃₅=22S/(22S+22R)	0.64	−	0.93	0.65	0.60	−	0.96	0.75
甾类化合物	C₂₇=20S/(20S+20R)	0.53	0.52	0.55	0.51	0.49	0.56	0.52	0.52
	C₂₈=20S/(20S+20R)	0.43	0.42	0.46	0.41	0.42	0.39	0.40	0.42
	C₂₉=20S/(20S+20R)	0.49	0.45	0.44	0.44	0.46	0.45	0.45	0.46
注：Tm为三降藿烷；Ts为三降新藿烷

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表 5 雪峰隆区金矿床和外围矿化体主成矿期石英流体包裹体测温及H-O同位素组成

Table 5. Thermometry and H-O isotopic composition of fluid inclusions in gold deposit and peripheral mineralized bodies during the main mineralisation period in the Xuefeng uplift district

矿区	样品性质	样品数	均一温度/℃	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/‰	δD_V-SMOW(均值)/‰	$ \delta^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}} $(均值)/‰
万古金矿	金矿体石英	1	227.0	17.95	−63.2	7.99
	矿化体石英	1	135.1	17.69	−66.2	−4.26
	金矿体石英	1	227.0	18.41	−57.1	8.99
	金矿体石英	1	227.0	17.63	−68.1	7.67
沃溪金矿	矿化体石英	1	159.6	18.61	−56.4	1.94
	金矿体石英	1	202.0	18.02	−57.9	6.34
	金矿体石英	1	202.0	16.98	−55.8	5.30
	金矿体石英	1	202.0	17.36	−66.1	5.68
	矿化体石英	1	188.9	15.43	−74.6	2.55
注：表中$ \delta^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}} $值是根据张理刚^[33]石英−水同位素平衡方程：δ¹⁸O石英$ -\delta^{18}{\mathrm{O}}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{O}}} $≈3.38×10⁶/T²−3.4计算值，其中T为温度

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表 6 金矿床和矿化体矿石中S同位素测定结果

Table 6. S isotope results in gold deposits and mineralized ores

矿床名称	样品性质	测定矿物	样品数	δ³⁴ S_CDT/‰		资料来源
矿床名称	样品性质	测定矿物	样品数	均值	变化范围	资料来源
万古冷家溪群	含矿地层	黄铁矿	4	−11.1	−10.4～−13.1	毛景文等^[25] 彭南海^[28]
沃溪马底驿组	含矿地层	黄铁矿	3	−7.7	−10.6～−5.5
沃溪冷家溪群	含矿地层	黄铁矿	4	+18.5	+12.6～+23.5
万古金矿	矿化体	黄铜矿		−2.45		本研究实测
	矿化体	黄铜矿		−2.68
	金矿体	毒砂		−5.73
		黄铁矿		−2.45
		黄铁矿		−7.44
沃溪金矿	矿化体	黄铁矿		−11.66
	矿化体	黄铁矿		+18.89
	金矿体	黄铁矿		−0.59
		黄铁矿		−2.61
		黄铁矿		+2.36

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表 7 沃溪、万古金矿床和外围矿化体成矿流体中C的同位素估算结果

Table 7. C isotope in ore-forming fluids calculated from Woxi, Wangu gold deposits and peripheral mineralized bodies

矿区	样品性质	矿物	δ¹³C_V-PDB/‰	δ¹⁸O_V-PDB/‰	均一温度/℃	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/‰	$\delta^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2} $/‰
万古金矿	金矿体石英	方解石	−8.08	−13.93	175.3	16.5	−68.7
	矿化体石英	方解石	−6.52	−14.14	135.1	16.3	−127.9
	金矿体石英	白云石	−5.93	−12.06	183.3	18.4	−59.4
沃溪金矿	矿化体石英	白云石	−5.67	−13.57	159.1	16.9	−84.9
	金矿体石英	白云石	−5.58	−13.13	189.6	17.3	−54.0
	金矿体石英	白云石	−5.32	−12.91	196.5	17.6	−48.9
	矿化体石英	白云石	−4.85	−13.46	157	17.0	−86.9

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