Development status and trend analysis of physical simulation experiments for geological hazards
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摘要:
在近20 a中，地质灾害物理仿真实验呈现出学科交叉、应用广泛、更新迅速的发展现状。开展地质灾害物理仿真实验发展现状及趋势分析，有助于让相关研究人员掌握行业现状并根据发展趋势设计实验、研发设备、更新技术，促进地质灾害关键理论的创新发展。调研大量的国内外地质灾害物理仿真实验相关文献，总结了开展地质灾害物理仿真实验的5个意义，并对6个物理仿真关键技术逐一进行了现状分析。其中模型箱和水槽是应用最广泛的仿真技术。底摩擦仿真技术在二维场景中实现了模型与重力场的耦合；振动台和离心机技术可为仿真实验提供振动与重力环境，在物理仿真实验中发挥着不可替代的作用。原位仿真技术在避免缩尺效应、边界效应、重力失真等方面具有显著优势。地质灾害物理仿真实验正朝着场景构建复杂化、实验规模大型化、材料选择科学化和数据采集智能化的方向发展，这对实验技术与经济成本提出了更高的要求，亟需营造良性发展环境，让物理仿真技术在地质灾害研究中的发挥出更大作用。
Abstract:Significance Over the past 20 years, physical simulation experiments for geological hazards have rapidly developed, evolving into an interdisciplinary field with widespread applications and continuous technological advancements. Analyzing the current status and trends of physical simulation experiments for geological hazards helps researchers gain a comprehensive understanding of the field, design experiments, develop equipment, and update technologies aligned with future directions, thereby promoting innovation in key theories related to geological hazards.
Progress This paper reviews a significant body of domestic and international literature on physical simulation experiments of geological hazards, summarizes five key significances of conducting such experiments, and analyzes the current status of six core physical simulation technologies. Model box and flume are the most widely used simulation technologies due to their versatile combinations, low cost, ease of installation, and simple operation. Base friction simulation technology enables coupling between the model and the gravitational field in two-dimensional settings. Shaking table and centrifuge technologies, while expensive to build and operate, provide controlled vibrational and gravitational conditions, playing an indispensable role in physical simulation experiments. In-situ simulation technology, while facing challenges such as long experimental cycles, difficult model fabrication, high personnel input, low automation, and poor repeatability, offers distinct advantages by mitigating issues such as scaling effects, boundary constraints, and gravitational distortion.
Conclusions and Prospects Physical simulation experiments for geological hazards are evolving toward greater scenario complexity, larger-scale testing, more scientific material selection, and intelligent data collection. These advancements impose higher demands on experimental technologies and economic costs, highlighting the urgent need to foster a conducive development environment. Doing so will enable physical simulation technology to play an even greater role in geohazard research.
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Key words:
- physical simulation experiment /
- geological hazard /
- development status /
- trend analysis
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图 1 全球地质灾害物理仿真实验相关文章年发表数量统计图
Figure 1. Statistical chart of the annual publication quantity of articles related to physical simulation experiments of geological hazards
表 1 我国开展过基于振动台的地质灾害物理仿真实验的机构及实验类型
Table 1. Major Chinese institutions and corresponding types of table-based physical simulation experiments for geological hazard
机构 台面尺寸/(m×m) 实验类型 参考文献 西安建筑科技大学 4.1×4.1 加固边坡动力响应 文献[143] 成都理工大学 4.0×6.0 阶梯式顺层岩质动力响应 文献[40] 重庆交通科研设计院 3.0×6.0 不同岩性组合斜坡动力响应 文献[156] 兰州地震研究所 4.0×6.0 黄土边坡动力响应 文献[144] 中国水科院 5.0×5.0 台阶状岩质边坡动力响应 文献[148] 福州大学 4.0×4.0 二元结构边坡动力响应 文献[153] 武汉大学 2.0×2.0 加筋边坡动力响应 文献[160] 西南交通大学 3.0×2.0 不同含水率边坡动力响应 文献[145] 工程力学研究所 5.0×5.0 顺层岩质边坡动力响应 文献[26] 同济大学 4.0×4.0 堰塞坝动力响应 文献[94] 中南大学 4.0×4.0 层状岩质边坡动力响应 文献[149] 河南大学 3.0×3.0 岩质边坡动力响应 文献[147] 台湾大学 5.0×5.0 地震滑坡失稳机制 文献[104] 台湾交通大学 0.9×0.9 顺层倾斜边坡动力响应 文献[140] 中国核动力研究设计院 6.0×6.0 倾斜强风化层边坡动力响应 文献[142] 重庆大学 6.1×6.0 夹层型岩质边坡动力影响 文献[167] 信阳师范大学 3.0×3.0 顺层岩质边坡失稳机制 文献[38] 华北水利水电大学 3.0×3.0 顺层岩质边坡失稳机制 文献[157] 
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表 2 开展过基于离心机的地质灾害物理仿真实验的主要机构及实验类型
Table 2. Major institutions and experiment types for centrifuge-based physical simulation of geological hazards in China
机构 运行能力/(g·t) 实验类型 参考文献 成都理工大学 500 楔形体滑坡启动机制 文献[188] 南京水利科学研究 400 填石路堤振动响应 文献[83] 同济大学 150 降雨型沙土质滑坡失稳机制 文献[189] 清华大学 50 开挖过程中的边坡变形机制 文献[190] 西南交通大学 100 砂性土边坡失稳机制 文献[191] 浙江大学 400 堆积型滑坡振动响应 文献[105] 长江科学院 450 硬土软岩滑坡失稳机机制 文献[192] 香港科技大学 400 库岸古滑坡复活机制 文献[193] 英国剑桥大学 112.5 软黏土滑坡地振动响应 文献[194] 中国地震局工力所 300 降雨型滑坡启动机制 文献[25] 苏黎世联邦理工学院 500 泥石流的侵蚀和夹带行为 文献[195] 台湾中央大学 100 多场耦合下的滑坡失稳机制 文献[196] 英国诺丁汉大学 50 降雨型砂质边坡失稳机制 文献[75] 巴西UENF 100 海底滑坡滑水效应仿真 文献[197] 加拿大C-CORE 200 近海斜坡地振动影响 文献[198] 日本JNIOSH 50 水位变动下的滑坡失稳机制 文献[199] 美国UC Davis 240 不同土壤级配路堤振动响应 文献[200]
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