Cyclostratigraphy and paleoclimate analysis of the Lingshui Formation in the Beijiao Sag, Qiongdongnan Basin
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摘要:
通过天文旋回研究，建立北礁凹陷渐新统陵水组的高精度且连续时间地层格架，并丰富该地区的古气候研究。采用时间序列分析方法，对北礁凹陷A井开展了旋回地层学分析研究；结合古生物多指标解释，开展了古气候演变分析。结果表明：在北礁凹陷陵水组沉积地层识别出了405 ka长偏心率周期、100 ka短偏心率周期、42.7 ka和43.2 ka斜率周期及20.5 ka岁差周期。通过天文调谐建立了持续时间约5.59 Ma的“浮动”天文年代标尺，以渐新世顶界面的地质年龄23.03 Ma作为时间锚点，最终建立陵水组(28.62～23.03 Ma)高精度的绝对天文年代框架。其中陵一段、陵二段和陵三段的底界面年龄分别为23.97，25.43，28.62 Ma，平均沉积速率分别为18.4，8.6，12.8 cm/ ka。利用有孔虫、有机碳质量分数、有机屑组分和碳氧同位素等古气候指标重建了陵水组沉积时期的古气候，其整体表现为暖−凉−暖的变化趋势。古气候分析和天文旋回分析对比显示，这一时期的气候演化受到偏心率、岁差等天文轨道力的控制。对北礁凹陷陵水组沉积地层进行天文旋回研究，探讨天文轨道参数对古气候的控制作用，建立了渐新统陵水组高精度且连续的时间地层格架。该方法为油气勘探中优质储集体层段预测提供了精细的年代框架，促进了北礁凹陷油气勘探的发展。
Abstract:Objective A high-resolution, continuous chronostratigraphic framework was established using the astronomical cycles, and the paleoclimatic characteristic was analyzed for the Oligocene Lingshui Formation of the Beijiao Sag.
Methods The cyclostratigraphy characteristics and the paleoclimatic evolution were determined by time series and multiple paleontological proxies analyses, respectively, in the Well A of the Beijiao Sag.
Results Cycles of 405 ka long eccentricity, 100 ka short eccentricity, 42.7 ka and 43.2 ka obliquity, and 20.5 ka precession were identified in the Lingshui Formation of the Beijiao Sag. Considering the time anchor of 23.03 at the top of Oligocene, the astronomical tuning revealed a "floating" astronomical chronology scale of 5.59 Ma. Within the high-precision absolute astronomical timeframe of the Lingshui Formation (28.62−23.03 Ma), the bottom boundary ages of Ling Ⅰ, Ling Ⅱ, and Ling Ⅲ members can be determined as 23.97 Ma, 25.43 Ma, and 28.62 Ma, respectively. These ages correspond to the average sedimentation rates of 18.4 cm/ka, 8.6 cm/ka, and 12.8 cm/ka, respectively. The palaeoclimatic indicators, including the foraminifera, organic carbon, organic detrital fractions, and carbon and oxygen isotopes, suggest an overall warm-cool-warm trend during the deposition of Lingshui Formation. The comparison of palaeoclimate evolution with astronomical rotation suggested that the climate evolution during this period was mainly controlled by astronomical orbital forces such as eccentricity and age difference. Astronomical cyclostratigraphic study on the Lingshui Formation of the Beijiao Sag explores the control of astronomical orbital parameters on paleoclimate and establishes a high-resolution and continuous chronostratigraphic framework.
Conclusion This method provides a refined chronological framework for predicting high-quality reservoir intervals in oil and gas exploration, promoting the development of oil and gas exploration in the Beijiao Sag.
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Key words:
- Qiongdongnan Basin /
- Beijiao Sag /
- cyclostratigraphy /
- astronomical time scale /
- paleoclimate
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图 1 琼东南盆地构造单元(a)及地层充填演化图(b)
Figure 1. Tectonic units (a) and stratigraphic filling evolution (b) of the Qiongdongnan Basin
图 3 陵水组深度域频谱分析和演化功率谱分析
a. 陵一段深度域Lomb频谱分析结果，其中带有E、e、O、P标签的玫红色实线分别代表长偏心率、短偏心率、斜率和岁差旋回；b. 陵二、三段深度域Lomb频谱分析结果，其中带有E、e、O标签的玫红色实线分别代表长偏心率、短偏心率和斜率旋回；c. 陵水组深度域演化功率谱分析结果，其中带有E、e、O标签的蓝色虚线分别代表长偏心率、短偏心率和斜率旋回
Figure 3. Spectral analysis and evolutionary power spectrum in depth of the Lingshui Formation
图 4 A井陵水组的相关性（COCO）检验分析
a. 陵一段沉积速率为0～40 cm/ka的测试结果，步长为0.1 cm/ka；b. 陵二、三段沉积速率为8～14 cm/ka的测试结果，步长为0.1 cm/ka
Figure 4. Analysis of the COCO test for the Lingshui Formation of the Well A
图 5 陵水组时间域频谱分析和演化功率谱分析
a. 陵一段时间域Lomb频谱分析结果，其中带有E、e、O、P标签的玫红色实线分别代表长偏心率、短偏心率、斜率和岁差旋回；b. 陵二、三段时间域Lomb频谱分析结果，其中带有E、e、O、P标签的玫红色实线分别代表长偏心率、短偏心率、斜率和岁差旋回；c. 陵一段时间域演化功率谱分析结果，其中带有E、e、O标签的蓝色虚线分别代表长偏心率、短偏心率和斜率旋回；d. 陵二、三段时间域演化功率谱分析结果，其中带有E、e标签的蓝色虚线分别代表长偏心率和短偏心率旋回
Figure 5. Spectrum analysis and evolutionary power spectrum in time of the Lingshui Formation
图 6 陵水组时间域滤波结果（E1～E11分别为第1～11个405旋回）
Figure 6. Time domain filtering results of the Lingshui Formation
图 7 A井渐新统陵水组绝对天文年代标尺
a. DING等[7]的地层界面年龄；b. 天文年代标尺（ATS）校准的地层界面年龄；c. 根据 La2010d 模型，以理论轨道参数（ETP） 格式显示的 28.62～23.03 Ma 期间的地球轨道参数；d.La2010d 模型中ETP格式显示的405 ka长偏心率和100 ka短偏心率滤波曲线；f. A井去趋势后自然伽马曲线的405 ka长偏心率和100 ka短偏心率滤波曲线；g. 根据天文年代尺度结果计算出的沉积速率曲线
Figure 7. Absolute astronomical age scale for the Oligocence Lingshui Formation of the Well A
图 8 A井渐新统陵水组古气候替代指标对比
a. DING等[7]的地层界面年龄；b. 天文旋回（ATS）校准的地层界面年龄；g. 根据 La2010d 模型，以理论轨道参数（ ETP） 格式显示的 28.62～ 23.03 Ma 期间的地球轨道参数；h. 来自 ODP1218站[38]的有孔虫碳和氧同位素；i. 年平均温度来自南海17490站有孔虫数据[39]；j. A井去趋势后GR曲线的405 ka长偏心率和100 ka短偏心率滤波曲线；k. 根据天文时间尺度结果计算出的沉积速率曲线
Figure 8. Comparison of palaeoclimate proxies for the Oligocene Lingshui Formation of the Well A
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