Experimental study on dynamic impact characteristics of sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles
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摘要:
为研究冻融循环对砂岩动态力学性能和微观结构特征的影响，对冻融0，30，60，90，120次的砂岩进行了冲击速度分别为3，6，9 m/s的动态冲击压缩试验、核磁共振检测以及电镜扫描。结果表明，冻融砂岩的动态冲击破坏模式整体上为粉碎破坏，随着冻融循环次数和冲击速度的增加，砂岩的破碎程度加大，碎块尺度减小，碎块数量和粉末占比增多，分形维数增大。在相同冲击速度下，随着冻融循环次数的增加，砂岩的动态力学性能不断劣化；各动态力学性能指标均具有率相关效应。此外，建立了冻融砂岩的动态峰值应力指数衰减模型，证明了冲击速度可以在一定程度上补偿冻融循环的损伤劣化作用，使冻融砂岩衰减常数减小，半衰期延后。所建立的分形维数−动态强度演化方程，使得分形维数不仅能定量描述砂岩冲击破坏后的破碎程度，还能进一步预测其动态强度。随着冻融循环次数的增加，砂岩内部孔洞、裂隙尺寸扩大且数量增多，结构损伤程度加剧；基于上述结果，探究了冻融循环作用下砂岩的损伤破坏机制，发现砂岩的冻融损伤是多种因素共同作用的结果。该研究可为寒冷地区岩石工程提供相关参考。
Abstract:Objective The research objective of this study is to explore the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the dynamic mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of sandstone.
Methods Comprehensive experimental investigations were conducted on sandstone samples subjected to different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles, specifically 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 cycles. The experimental methodology comprised three principal components: dynamic impact compression tests performed at precisely controlled velocities of 3, 6, and 9 m/s, nuclear magnetic resonance testing, and scanning electron microscopy.
Results The experimental results demonstrate that freeze-thaw sandstone exhibits predominantly crushing failure under dynamic impact loading. The investigation revealed several significant trends: as both the number of freeze-thaw cycles and the impact velocity increase, the sandstone experiences substantially enhanced fragmentation, as evidenced by smaller fragment sizes, an increased number of fragments, a higher proportion of fine powder, and corresponding increases in fractal dimension values. When subjected to identical impact velocities, the dynamic mechanical properties of sandstone continuously deteriorate with increasing freeze-thaw cycles, while all dynamic mechanical performance indicators consistently exhibit pronounced rate-dependent effects. In addition, a dynamic peak stress attenuation model for freeze-thaw sandstone was established, demonstrating that impact velocity can partially offset the damage induced by freeze-thaw cycles, thereby reducing the attenuation constant and prolonging the half-life of freeze-thaw sandstone. Furthermore, a fractal dimension–dynamic strength evolution equation was developed, enabling the fractal dimension to serve not only as a quantitative descriptor of post-impact fragmentation but also as a predictive tool for estimating dynamic strength. With an increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles, the size and number of pores and cracks in sandstone increase, aggravating structural damage. Building upon these comprehensive results, the study further investigated the fundamental damage mechanisms of sandstone under freeze-thaw action, concluding that freeze-thaw damage in sandstone is a complex phenomenon arising from the synergistic interaction of multiple factors.
Conclusion This research provides valuable references and practical insights for rock engineering applications in cold-region environments.
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Key words:
- freeze-thaw cycle /
- impact /
- fracture fractal /
- microstructure /
- attenuation model
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图 3 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样破坏模式
Figure 3. Damage patterns of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
图 6 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样分形维数
Figure 6. Fractal dimension of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
图 7 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样动态应力−应变曲线
Figure 7. Dynamic stress-strain curves of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
图 8 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样动态峰值应力
Figure 8. Dynamic peak stress of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
图 9 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩衰减模型
Figure 9. Attenuation model of freeze-thawed sandstone at different impact velocities
图 10 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样分形维数与冻融循环次数关系拟合
Figure 10. The relationship between the fractal dimension and the number of freeze-thaw cycles of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
图 11 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样动态峰值应变
Figure 11. Dynamic peak strain of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
图 12 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样动态弹性模量
Figure 12. Dynamic elastic modulus of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
表 1 砂岩试样动态冲击压缩试验结果
Table 1. Results of dynamic impact compression test of sandstone samples
试样编号 冲击速度/
(m·s−1)冻融循环
次数N/次动态峰值
应力/MPa动态峰值
应变/(×10−3)动态弹性
模量/GPaDY-3-0 3 0 144.27 1.68 315.65 DY-3-30 3 30 132.53 5.05 80.73 DY-3-60 3 60 118.36 5.38 88.19 DY-3-90 3 90 101.21 5.21 77.11 DY-3-120 3 120 94.98 5.49 37.73 DY-6-0 6 0 182.66 8.77 144.11 DY-6-30 6 30 171.67 8.17 24.17 DY-6-60 6 60 145.56 12.66 23.60 DY-6-90 6 90 132.05 9.76 69.10 DY-6-120 6 120 119.45 8.17 21.52 DY-9-0 9 0 210.96 9.80 102.42 DY-9-30 9 30 189.23 9.43 111.01 DY-9-60 9 60 172.36 7.72 57.17 DY-9-90 9 90 158.67 14.81 86.52 DY-9-120 9 120 137.98 10.11 62.95 注：“DY-6-30”中“DY”表示动态压缩；“6”表示冲击速度为6 m/s；“30”表示冻融循环次数N为30 
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表 2 lg(Mr/Mt)–lg(r/rm)曲线公式拟合及分形维数计算结果
Table 2. The formula fitting of lg(Mr/Mt)–lg(r/rm) curve and the calculation results of fractal dimension
试样编号 冲击速度/(m·s−1) 冻融循环次数N 拟合曲线(相关度R2) 分形维数 DY-3-0 3 0 y= 1.1415 x−0.0900 (0.8886 )1.8585 DY-3-30 3 30 y= 1.0932 x−0.0441 (0.9628 )1.9068 DY-3-60 3 60 y= 1.001 x−0.0105 (0.9549 )1.9990 DY-3-90 3 90 y= 0.9770 x−0.0291 (0.9574 )2.0230 DY-3-120 3 120 y= 0.8937 x+0.0109 (0.9593 )2.1063 DY-6-0 6 0 y= 1.0662 x+0.0011 (0.9935 )1.9338 DY-6-30 6 30 y= 1.0353 x+0.0021 (0.9921 )1.9647 DY-6-60 6 60 y= 0.9043 x−0.0128 (0.9934 )2.0957 DY-6-90 6 90 y= 0.8654 x+0.0146 (0.9844 )2.1346 DY-6-120 6 120 y= 0.8304 x+0.0617 (0.9779 )2.1696 DY-9-0 9 0 y= 0.8737 x+0.0448 (0.9851 )2.1263 DY-9-30 9 30 y= 0.8699 x+0.0404 (0.9935 )2.1301 DY-9-60 9 60 y= 0.7566 x−0.0111 (0.9546 )2.2434 DY-9-90 9 90 y= 0.7527 x+0.0289 (0.9563 )2.2473 DY-9-120 9 120 y= 0.7287 x+0.0391 (0.9644 )2.2713
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表 3 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样动态峰值应力参数
Table 3. Parameters of dynamic peak stress of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
冲击速度/(m·s−1) σ0/MPa λ 3 144.2665 0.0036 6 182.6647 0.0035 9 210.9563 0.0034
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表 4 不同冲击速度下冻融砂岩试样分形维数的参数
Table 4. Parameters of fractal dimension of freeze-thawed sandstone samples at different impact velocities
冲击速度/(m·s−1) a/10−3 b 3 2.04 1.8564 6 2.14 1.9314 9 1.36 2.1222
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