Numerical simulation study of pipeline type karst water system based on TOPMODEL and MODFLOW-CFP models
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摘要:
非岩溶区外源水是西南岩溶地下水系统比较常见的补给来源，外源水所具有的快速、集中补给方式会使得岩溶地下水系统的水循环表现出独特的响应，这种特殊补给方式的岩溶水系统调查、监测和数值模拟方法尚不够完善。为探究外源水补给型岩溶水系统数值模拟技术方法，本文以湖北恩施甘溪渔泉洞岩溶水系统为研究对象，在岩溶水系统含水介质特征、补给方式的调查、地下水示踪试验以及高分辨率降雨−地表−地下径流的动态监测等工作基础上，采用MODFLOW-CFP数值模型刻画岩溶裂隙与管道双重介质特征，并针对岩溶管道入口处非岩溶区外源水集中灌入式补给的特点，采用地表水模型TOPMODEL来定量刻画非岩溶区外源水的产汇流过程，将其作为MODFLOW-CFP模型中岩溶管道入口的流量边界条件，实现地表−地下水模型的耦合，从而提高了MODFLOW-CFP对外源水刻画的精度。结果研究结果表明：利用TOPMODEL和MODFLOW-CFP模型模拟甘溪渔泉洞暗河出口流量，与实测值对比峰值相对误差在0.7%～19.7%，峰现时差在3 h内，相关系数
R 2为0.93，纳什效率系数NSE 为0.86。对模型的正确性进行检验，检验期模拟得到的暗河出口流量与实测值对比峰值相对误差在1.1%～2.5%，峰现时差在2 h内，相关系数R 2为0.91，纳什效率系数NSE 为0.77，有较好的拟合精度。本研究构建的TOPMODEL和MODFLOW-CFP耦合模型在外源水补给型岩溶水系统降雨−水文响应过程模拟上有着推广价值。Abstract:External water is a common source of supply for the Southwest karst groundwater system. The rapid and concentrated supply of external water can lead to a unique response in the water cycle of karst groundwater systems. The investigation, monitoring, and numerical simulation methods for this special supply in karst water systems are still not fully developed.
Objective This study aims to investigate the numerical simulation method of karst water systems under external water recharge.
Methods Taking the Ganxi Yuquan Cave karst water system in Enshi, Hubei as the research subject, a thorough investigation of the hydrogeological characteristics and supply methods of the karst water system was conducted. Underground water tracing tests and high-resolution monitoring of rainfall-surface-subsurface runoff dynamics were carried out. The MODFLOW-CFP numerical model was used to represent the dual medium characteristics of karst fissures and conduits. Focusing on the concentrated inflow of external water from non-karst areas at the entrance of karst conduits, the surface water model TOPMODEL was used to quantitatively characterize the production and exchange processes of external water from non-karst areas. This was set as the flow boundary condition at the entrance of the karst conduit in the MODFLOW-CFP model, achieving the coupling of surface and groundwater models, thereby improving the accuracy of representing external water in the MODFLOW-CFP model.
Results The research results show that when the coupled TOPMODEL and MODFLOW-CFP model is used to simulate the discharge at the outlet of the Ganxi Yuquan Cave karst water system, the relative peak errors compared to the measured values range from 0.7% to 19.7%, the peak lag time is within 3 hours, the correlation coefficient (
R 2) is 0.93, and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE ) is 0.86. The model was validated, and the relative peak errors of the simulated outlet discharge of the Ganxi Yuquan Cave karst water system compared with the measured values ranged from 1.1% to 2.5%, with peak lag time within 2 hours, a correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.91, and a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE ) of 0.77, demonstrating good fitting accuracy.Conclusion These findings indicate that the coupled TOPMODEL and MODFLOW-CFP model developed in this study has practical value for simulating the rainfall-hydrological response of karst water systems with external water supply.
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图 3 甘溪渔泉洞暗河出口梯形渠断面示意图（b. 渠宽；H.渠道水层厚度；下同）
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of trapezoidal canal section at the outlet of GanxiYuquan Cave karst water system
图 4 水田坝伏流入口前复式堰断面示意图
B1.为大矩形堰堰宽；B2.为小矩形堰堰宽；P1.为第一级堰上游坎高；P2.为第二级堰上游坎高；h.为堰前水深；H1.为小矩形堰堰深；
Figure 4. Compound weir section schematic at the vadose inlet of GanxiYuquan Cave karst water system
图 5 甘溪渔泉洞暗河出口（a）及水田坝伏流入口（b）降雨量−流量图
Figure 5. Rainfall-flow diagram of the outlet of (a) and the vadose inlet (b) GanxiYuquan Cave krast water system
图 7 外源水流域数字高程模型（a）及地形指数（b）DEM
Figure 7. DEM section (a) and Topographic index (b) of exogenous water basin
图 10 伏流入口流量模拟值与实测值对比图
Figure 10. Comparison of simulated and measured flow values at the vadose inlet of GanxiYuquan Cave karst water system
图 11 降雨入渗系数（a）及多孔介质参数（b）分区图
Figure 11. Rainfall infiltration coefficient zoning map (a) and Parametric partitioning of porous media (b)
图 13 暗河出口流量模拟值与实测值对比图
Figure 13. Comparison of simulated and measured flow values at the outlet of GanxiYuquan Cave karst water system
图 14 检验期模拟流量值与实测值对比
Figure 14. Comparison of simulated flow values with measured values for the test period
表 1 TOPMODEL模型参数
Table 1. TOPMODEL parameter list
参数 Q0 T0 M Td SR0 SRmax CHV RV XK0 HF DTH 单位 m/h m2/h m h m m m/h m/h m/h m % 取值 0.0002 1.5 0.04 1 0 0.05 3600 3600 1 0.1 10 
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