Discussion on the spatial and temporal difference of Cenozoic rift formation and evolution and its genesis mechanism in the Pearl River Mouth Basin
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摘要:
为加深对珠江口盆地内不同构造单元之间裂陷形成和演化时空差异性的认识，本研究基于二维地震剖面资料，通过构造解析、平衡剖面恢复和断裂活动速率计算等方法，讨论了不同构造单元先存构造、基底岩性、断裂体系及构造演化的差异，并结合岩浆活动和动力学背景，探究了盆地内坳陷构造的成因。珠江口盆地基底先存构造主要发育了一系列NE向逆冲断裂和与之共轭的NW向先存逆冲断裂体系；珠三、珠二及珠一西部断裂以NE-NEE走向为主，珠一及珠二东部断裂以近EW-NWW走向为主，控制着盆地裂陷期的构造格局；裂陷作用自东向西逐渐减弱，珠一东部先存断裂更为活跃。裂陷期主要断裂是沿基底先存断裂继承发育，由于基底先存构造及岩性的差异具有不同的抗张和抗剪强度，同时受控于周缘板块运动、岩浆作用和区域应力场变化等，珠一和珠二坳陷内的同沉积主干断裂体系发生由NE-NEE向伸展性质顺时针转变为近EW-NW向伸展-走滑主导的变化过程；裂陷后期，由于深度相关的伸展模式影响下，裂陷结构由北向南为“下厚上薄”狭长型窄地堑、半地堑向“上厚下薄”宽缓型地堑、半地堑转变。
Abstract:Objective To deepen the understanding of the spatial and temporal differences in rift formation and evolution among different tectonic units within the Pearl River Mouth Basin.
Methods Based on 2D seismic profile data, this paper discusses the differences in pre-existing structures, basement lithology, fracture systems and tectonic evolution of different tectonic units by means of tectonic analysis, balanced cross-section restoration, and calculation of fracture activity rates, and explores the causes of the depression tectonics in the basin in the context of magmatic activities and dynamics.
Results A series of NE-trending thrust faults and conjugate NW-trending pre-existing thrust faults were developed on the basement pre-existing tectonics of the Pearl River Mouth Basin; Faults with NE-NEE -trending are major in the western part of Zhu Ⅲ, Zhu Ⅱ and Zhu Ⅰ, while faults with near-EW-NWW-trending are major in the eastern part of Zhu Ⅰ and Zhu Ⅱ, controlling the tectonic pattern of the basin during the rifting period; the rifting impacts are gradually reduced from east to west, and the pre-existing faults in the eastern part of Zhu Ⅰ are more active.
Conclusion During the rifting period, the main fractures were developed along the basement pre-existing lithology, and the main fault system of the same sedimentary trunk in ZhuⅠ and ZhuⅡ depression changed clockwise from NW-NEE to stretching to EW-NW-trending and strike-slip dominated, with different tensile and shear strengths due to the differences in basement pre-existing structure and lithology, and controlled by the surrounding plate movement, magmatic activities and regional stress field changes. The rift structure changes from north to south from a long and narrow graben and half-graben, which is thick at the bottom and thin at the top, to a wide and slow graben and half-graben, which is thick at the top and thin at the bottom. In the late stage of the rift, due to the influence of depth-dependent stretching mode, the rift structure changes from a long and narrow graben and half-graben to a wide and slow graben and half-graben.
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图 1 珠江口盆地区域构造单元划分（a）与地层综合图（b）（据文献[6]修改）
Figure 1. Structural units (a) and stratigraphic chart (b) of the Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 3 珠江口盆地基底剖面构造解释图（据文献[5]修改）（位置见图2测线CC’、EE’、AA’）
Figure 3. Structural interpretation of basement section of the Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 5 珠江口盆地新生代裂陷结构模式图
Figure 5. Structural style of Cenozoic rift in the Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 6 珠江口盆地新生代构造演化过程
Figure 6. Cenozoic tectonic evolution process of Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 7 珠江口盆地不同坳陷内断层活动速率对比图
Figure 7. Comparison of fault activity rates in different depressions of Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 8 珠江口盆地不同时期断层活动速率对比图
Figure 8. Comparison of fault activity rate in different periods of the Pearl River Mouth Basin
图 9 先存构造体系控洼模式图
Figure 9. Pre-existing structural system depression-controlling pattern diagram
图 10 珠江口盆地区域动力学背景示意图（据文献[42]修改）
Figure 10. Regional dynamic background of the Pearl River Mouth Basin
表 1 珠江口盆地构造单元结构特征表
Table 1. Structural characterization of Structural units in the Pearl River Mouth Basin
构造单元 走向 古近系断陷结构 先存构造 基地岩性 活动性特征 一级 二级 三级 珠江口盆地 珠一拗陷 恩平凹陷 NE 北断南超半地堑 逆冲断层 花岗岩为主、少量火山岩与沉积岩 裂陷期整体活动速率高；主控断层活动速率呈增大-减小-停止活动。 西江凹陷 NE 北断南超半地堑 惠州凹陷 近EW 复式半地堑、地堑 陆丰凹陷 近EW 复式半地堑 韩江凹陷 近EW 复式半地堑、地堑 珠二拗陷 开平凹陷 NE 北断南超半地堑 拆离断层 变质岩、部分玄武岩 整体活动速率低；主控断层活动速率从古至今逐渐减小至停止活动。 顺德凹陷 NE 地堑、半地堑 白云凹陷 近EW 地堑、半地堑 珠三拗陷 阳春凹陷 NE 南断北超半地堑 断坡断坪 变质砂岩、砾岩、少量闪长岩和沉积岩 整体活动速率较高；主控断层活动速率从古至今逐渐减弱。 阳江凹陷 NE 复式半地堑、地堑 琼海凹陷 NE 南断北超半地堑 文昌凹陷 NE 南断北超半地堑 
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