干热岩开发循环试验的研究进展和发展建议

王丹; 文冬光; 杨用彪; 杨伟峰; 金显鹏; 吴斌

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230644

干热岩开发循环试验的研究进展和发展建议

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230644

王丹^{1, 2, ,},
文冬光¹,
杨用彪³,
杨伟峰²,
金显鹏¹,
吴斌¹

1 .
中国地质调查局水文地质环境地质调查中心，天津 300309
2 .
中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院，江苏徐州 221116
3 .
江苏省地质调查研究院，南京 210049

基金项目: 江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项资金项目（BE2022859）

详细信息

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E-mail：2292060849@qq.com

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-20
- 录用日期: 2024-03-29
- 修回日期: 2024-03-24
- 网络出版日期: 2024-04-17

International research progress and development suggestions for hot dry rock EGS flow tests

1 .
Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300309, China
2 .
School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116, China
3 .
Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210049, China

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail：2292060849@qq.com

摘要

摘要:
干热岩是一种开发前景广阔的地热资源。增强型地热系统（EGS）是当前干热岩开发的主要方式，需要通过多个工程环节衔接实施，循环试验是其中的重要步骤。循环试验实施过程具有长期性和复杂性的特点，亟需技术突破降本增效。简要总结了国内外较为典型的干热岩开发EGS工程的循环试验经验和探索方向，阐述了多种因素对于循环试验的影响，并结合青海共和场地的实际情况提出了发展建议。可以看出，以往提高循环试验效果主要是通过开发层位及井组调整、长期循环、储层改造以及化学刺激等方法实现的，而当前技术人员主要通过改进准确获取工程参数的方法，以及改进注采井组设计和储层改造工艺进行探索。循环试验的方案制定需要充分考虑地质因素，且数值模拟、储层刺激、流程设计、工程实施等方面都值得进行深入研究。随着开发技术的日趋成熟，干热岩地热资源将会成为我国能源结构中的重要一环，为经济发展和环境保护发挥重要的作用。
- 干热岩 /
- 增强型地热系统 /
- 循环试验 /
- 水力压裂 /
- 共和盆地
Abstract: Importantly
Dry rock, a widely distributed and abundant geothermal resource, is of paramount importance in the reduction of fossil energy consumption, alleviating environmental pollution, and ensuring energy security. Enhanced geothermal systems are currently the main method for developing hot dry rock resources and are generally implemented through several methods, such as engineering site selection, geothermal drilling, thermal reservoir stimulation, flow testing, and power generation engineering. Among these, flow tests are a crucial link in undertaking thermal reservoir stimulation and power generation engineering and are used to form injection and production well groups, evaluate cycle circuits, expand heat exchange capacity, and lay the foundation for ultimately achieving power generation goals safely and stably. The implementation process of flow tests is long-term and complex, which can easily lead to problems such as insufficient connectivity, strong microseismic effects, liquid leakage, scaling of the circulating liquid, and insufficient equipment reliability. Therefore, flow tests at hot dry rock development sites internationally are often intertwined with drilling and reservoir stimulation and accompanied by scheme adjustments to gradually achieve the power generation goal.
Progress
This article briefly summarizes the flow test experiences and exploration directions of typical hot dry rock development EGS systems at home and abroad, elaborates on the influence of various factors on flow tests, and proposes development suggestions based on the actual situation at the Qinghai Gonghe site. In the past, improving the effectiveness of flow tests was achieved through methods such as adjusting the development layer and well groups, long-term circulation, hydraulic fracturing, and chemical stimulation. However, current technicians have focused on accurately obtaining engineering parameters and improving the design of well groups and reservoir stimulation processes.
Conclusions and Prospects
In summary, the formulation of a flow test plan needs to fully consider geological factors and adapt to local conditions. Moreover, key technologies in flow tests, such as reservoir evaluation, reservoir stimulation, and engineering implementation, are worthy of in-depth research. The progress of these key technologies requires the establishment of numerical models with greater accuracy, improvements in the accuracy and stability of various monitoring techniques, the application of more diverse hydraulic fracturing and chemical stimulation processes, and the establishment of a more comprehensive risk prevention and control system for induced earthquakes. In addition, the application of new technologies is also a possible breakthrough. Supercritical carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen fracturing technologies have advantages in thermal reservoir fracturing and energy enhancement in hot dry rock stimulation. Explosive fracturing technology has a certain effect on increasing the complexity of fractures near wellbores and enhancing the injection capacity of well groups. Finally, with the goal of experimental power generation and focusing on key issues in multi-well group flow tests, improving the construction process of flow tests is also an effective means to improve efficiency and reduce costs. With increasingly mature development technology, hot dry rock geothermal resources will become an important part of China's energy structure, playing a significant role in economic development and environmental protection.
- hot dry rock /
- enhanced geothermal system /
- flow test /
- hydraulic fracturing /
- Gonghe Basin

HTML全文

图 1 Fenton Hill EGS工程循环注采井示意图^[22]

EE-2，EE-3，EE-2A和EE-3A均为注采井，其中EE-2A和EE-3A分别为在EE-2和EE-3基础上侧钻的井（原因是原井连通不佳，因此改变井轨迹去增大连通概率）；黑色虚线圈闭范围为注入区域；黑色箭头为注入流体的流动方向；黑色实线为侧钻井轨迹；黑色虚线为原井轨迹

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the Fenton Hill EGS flow test well group

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图 2 Soultz EGS工程场地循环注采井分布示意图^[28]

GPK1，GPK2，GPK3和GPK4均为注采井；EPS1为监测井

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the Soultz EGS flow test well group

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图 3 Habanero EGS工程场地循环注采井分布^[39]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the Habanero EGS flow test well group

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图 4 Hijiori EGS工程场地循环注采井分布^[47]

HDR-2和HDR-3均为生产井；SKG-2和HDR-1均为注水井；HDR-2A为HDR-2的加深井（1994年HDR-2堵塞深度约为1600 m，然后加深至2303 m）；黑色垂直带为井套管；白色垂直区域为无套管井筒。

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the Hijiori EGS flow test well group

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图 5 2019年区域2注入测试期间单次（循环5）的压力−排量曲线^[54]

Figure 5. Pressure curve for a single cycle (cycle 5) during injection testing in Region 2 in 2019

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图 6 Fervo EGS工程场地循环注采井分布示意图（据文献[58]修编；1 ft=0.3048 m）

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the Fervo EGS flow test well group

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图 7 共和场地压裂注采期间注入井施工排量与压力变化趋势图^[60]

Figure 7. Trend chart of the rate and pressure changes in the injection well during the flow test at the Gonghe site

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表 1 典型干热岩EGS工程稳定层位循环试验参数汇总

Table 1. Summary of stable layer flow test parameters for typical hot dry rock EGS engineering

名称	时间	循环总量/m³	回收率/%	持续时间/d	循环井组	井间距/m	最大注入流量/(L·S⁻¹)	最大生产流量/(L·S⁻¹)	井口压力 (注)/MPa	井口压力 (采)/MPa	液体井口温度/℃	结垢控制
Fenton Hill Phase Ⅱ	1986-05-19—1986-06-18	37000	62.8	30	一注一采	约400	18.3	13.5	31.5	3.4	190	生产井压力保持在10 MPa
	1991-12—1992-03	估算约270000	水损失率稳定在7%左右	18	一注一采		7.2	6.4	25.9	10.3	180
	1992-04-08—1992-07-31			112	一注一采		6.76	5.66	27.29	9.66	183
	1992-08—1993-02			205	一注一采		7.14	5.71	27.32	12.40	182.8
	1993-02-22—1993-04-15			55	一注一采		6.50	5.71	27.34	9.65	184
	1995-05-10—1995-07-14			66	一注一采		7.6	5.9	27.3	15.2	181
Soultz Level Ⅲ	2008-07—2008-08	62000	循环水中有地层卤水成分，难以判别	40	一注两采	约600	31	31	7.3	1.8		生产井压力保持在2 MPa
	2008-11—2008-12	63000		40	一注两采		27	17	8.6	1.8
	2009-03—2009-10	285000		230	两注两采		20	22	6.8	2
	2009-11—2010-10	500000		323	两注一采		15	18	5	1.8
	2011-01—2011-04	165000		90	两注一采		11	22	1.8	1.9
	2011-08—2011-10	135000		70	两注一采		12	23	1.6	2
	2012-03—2012-04	30000		31	三注一采		12	21	1.5	2
	2013-01—2013-07	200000		180	三注一采		12	15	0.6	2
Habanero	2008-12—2009-02	61000		71	一注一采	570		15.4			212
Habanero	2013-04—2013-10	182000	91	161	一注一采	690		18.9			215
Hijiori	2000-11-27—2001-11-15	484203	43	354	一注两采	130	20.0		10～7		130	结垢严重。扩孔消除水垢
	2001-11-23—2002-04-28	310733	54	157	两注两采	130	16.7		2-4
	2002-06-01—2002-08-30			92	两注两采	130	16.7		1

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