Bonding performance of anchor-mortar interface under multifactor action based on electrochemical impedance analysis
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摘要:
影响锚杆−砂浆界面黏结性能的因素众多，而目前对该界面黏结性能的研究聚焦于单因素的影响，多因素作用下界面黏结性能的研究仍留有空白。以锚杆−砂浆为研究对象，采用电化学阻抗谱测试技术获取了不同影响因素下的锚杆−砂浆界面状态以及电化学参数，通过拉拔试验获取了锚杆−砂浆界面黏结强度，并结合电化学参数，探究了试样养护完成时，电化学参数与拉拔荷载之间的关系，分析了细砂粒径、锚杆直径和水灰比3个因素对锚杆−砂浆界面黏结性能的影响。由正交试验敏感性分析可知，试样的拉拔荷载主要受锚杆直径控制，孔隙溶液电阻（
R s）主要受水灰比控制，电荷转移电阻（R ct）则没有明显的控制性因素；在试样养护完成时，受3个因素的影响，锚杆−砂浆界面会出现钝化膜完整与钝化膜不完整2种状态。研究结果表明，在试验所选择的范围内，拉拔荷载会随着细砂粒径的增大和水灰比的减小而增大，并且试样的拉拔荷载与孔隙溶液电阻（R s）和电荷转移电阻（R ct）呈正相关。研究成果对锚固结构砂浆配比及应用中的有效性验证具有重要意义。Abstract:Objective The bonding performance of the anchor-mortar interface is influenced by multi factors, yet existing studies predominantly focus on single-factor effects, leaving a gap in understanding the combined impact of multiple factors. This study aims to address this gap by systematically investigating the interfacial bonding performance under multifactorial conditions.
Methods The anchor-mortar interface is taken as the research object. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to characterize the interfacial state and derive electrochemical parameters under different varying conditions. Pullout tests are conducted to quantify the bond strength of the anchor-mortar interface. By correlating electrochemical parameters with pullout load data at the completion of sample curing, the relationship between these parameters and interfacial performance is established. Additionally, the influence of the three factors on the bonding performance of the anchor-mortar interface is analyzed.
Results Sensitivity analysis of the orthogonal test results reveals that the pullout load is predominantly governed by the anchor rod diameter, whereas the pore solution resistance (
R s) is primarily influenced by the water-cement ratio. No dominant factor is identified for the charge transfer resistance (R ct). During the early curing stage, two distinct interfacial states are observed under the combined influence of the three factors: A fully developed passivation film and partially developed passivation film. Within the tested parameter range, the pullout load increases with larger fine sand particle sizes and lower water-cement ratios. A positive correlation is observed between the pullout load and both the pore solution resistance (R s) and charge transfer resistance (R ct).Conclusion These findings provide critical insights for optimizing the formulation and application of anchored structural mortar.
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图 1 电化学阻抗谱测试技术示意图
WE. 工作电极；CE. 对电极；RE. 参比电极；ZAHNER ZENNIUM PRO. 电化学工作站
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique
图 3 锚杆−砂浆试样Nyquist图（T1～T8设计方案见表1）
Z. 阻抗；Z'. 阻抗实部，即电阻分量；−Z''. 阻抗虚部，即电容或电阻分量
Figure 3. Nyquist diagram of anchor-mortar samples
图 4 锚杆−砂浆试样Bode图
$ \left|Z\right| $. 阻抗模值；Phase. 相位角；f. 频率
Figure 4. Bode diagram of anchor-mortar samples
图 5 等效电路模型
CPE. 恒定相位元件；Rs. 孔隙溶液电阻；Rf. 钢筋钝化膜电阻；Cdl. 双电层电容；Rct. 电荷转移电阻；下同
Figure 5. Equivalent circuit model
图 6 锚杆−砂浆试样极限拉拔荷载及平均黏结强度
Figure 6. Ultimate pullout load and average bond strength of anchor-mortar samples
图 7 不同锚杆直径(d)下拉拔荷载−孔隙溶液电阻关系图
Figure 7. Pullout load-pore solution resistance relationship for different anchor diameters
图 8 不同锚杆直径(d)下拉拔荷载−电荷转移电阻关系图
Figure 8. Pullout load-charge transfer resistance relationship for different anchor diameters
图 9 拉拔试验机理图
N. 拉拔荷载；T. 砂浆对锚杆的压力；f. 摩擦力；U. 机械咬合力；R，R'. 锚杆与砂浆所受合力
Figure 9. Mechanism of pullout test
表 1 锚杆−砂浆试样设计方案
Table 1. Anchor-mortar samples design programme
试验组编号 细砂粒径/mm 锚杆直径/mm 水灰比 T1 0.40 4 0.40 T2 0.40 6 0.45 T3 0.40 8 0.50 T4 0.50 4 0.45 T5 0.50 6 0.50 T6 0.50 8 0.40 T7 0.60 4 0.50 T8 0.60 6 0.40 T9 0.60 8 0.45 
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表 2 硅酸盐水泥化学成分
Table 2. Chemical composition of silicate cement
wB/% SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 CaO MgO SO3 烧失量 23.5 4.1 7.4 56.4 3.2 2.2 3.2
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表 3 钢筋的物理参数
Table 3. Physical parameters of reinforcing steel
直径/mm 密度/(g·cm−3) 抗拉强度/MPa 屈服强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 4，6，8 7.85 540 400 196
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表 4 拟合后锚杆−砂浆试样的电化学阻抗谱参数
Table 4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy parameters of fitted anchor-mortar samples
试验组
编号$ {R}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $/$ \mathrm{\Omega } $ $ {C}_{{\mathrm{f}}} $/
($ {\mathrm{S}}·{{\mathrm{sec}}}^{{\mathrm{n}}} $)n1 $ R_{\mathrm{f}}$/$ \mathrm{\Omega } $ $ {C}_{{\mathrm{dl}}} $/
($ {\mathrm{S}}·{{\mathrm{sec}}}^{{\mathrm{n}}} $)n2 $ {R}_{{\mathrm{ct}}} $/
$ {10}^{5}\mathrm{\Omega } $T1 141.2 3.709×10−6 0.5408 2322 2.796×10−8 0.8295 7.140 T2 112.5 3.215×10−6 0.5624 31310 1.349×10−7 0.8977 7.296 T3 107.8 4.286×10−6 0.5504 186.9 3.974×10−7 0.7969 4.336 T4 122.1 7.015×10−7 0.7039 258 3.632×10−6 0.6141 5.207 T5 103.3 3.901×10−6 0.5726 1946 2.003×10−7 0.8761 6.851 T6 135.2 3.947×10−6 0.5468 2542 2.763×10−6 0.8313 6.365 T7 116.1 3.9659×10−6 0.5949 2080 3.292×10−6 0.8147 5.960 T8 150.1 2.94×10−5 0.9071 67750 5.857×10−6 0.5370 13.330 T9 128.7 4.189×10−6 0.5527 1949 2.608×10−7 0.8431 6.107 注：Cf. 钢筋钝化膜电容；n1，n2. 弥散系数
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表 5 拉拔荷载（N）极差分析
Table 5. Extreme variance analysis of pullout load
N/kN 因素 细砂粒径 锚杆直径 水灰比 均值 水平1 11.450 9.567 11.900 水平2 11.390 11.690 11.337 水平3 11.633 13.217 11.237 极差 0.243 3.650 0.663
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表 6 拉拔荷载（N）方差分析
Table 6. Variance analysis of pullout load
因素 误差 细砂粒径 锚杆直径 水灰比 方差 0.096 20.162 0.767 0.050 自由度 2 2 2 2 F 1.922 401.984 15.300 p 0.342 0.002** 0.061 R2 0.998 注：**. 控制组与试验组差异极其显著；F. 评估影响因素作用的显著程度；p. 衡量控制组与试验组差异大小；R2. 决定系数，用于衡量组间差异对总变异的解释程度；下同
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表 7 孔隙溶液电阻（Rs）极差分析
Table 7. Extreme variance analysis of pore solution resistance
Rs/Ω 因素 细砂粒径 锚杆直径 水灰比 均值 水平1 120.500 126.467 142.167 水平2 120.203 121.970 121.100 水平3 131.633 123.900 109.070 极差 11.430 4.497 33.097
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表 8 孔隙溶液电阻（Rs）方差分析
Table 8. Variance analysis of pore solution resistance
因素 误差 细砂粒径 锚杆直径 水灰比 方差 254.684 30.533 1683.915 44.121 自由度 2 2 2 2 F 5.772 0.692 38.166 p 0.148 0.591 0.026 *R2 0.978 注：*. 控制组与试验组差异显著
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表 9 电荷转移电阻（Rct）极差分析
Table 9. Extreme variance analysis of charge transfer resistance
Rct/105 Ω 因素 细砂粒径 锚杆直径 水灰比 均值 水平1 6.257 6.102 8.945 水平2 6.141 9.159 6.203 水平3 8.466 5.603 5.715 极差 2.325 3.556 3.230
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表 10 电荷转移电阻（Rct）方差分析
Table 10. Variance analysis of charge transfer resistance
因素 误差 细砂粒径 锚杆直径 水灰比 方差 10.296 22.236 18.186 2.056 自由度 2 2 2 2 F 5.007 10.813 8.843 p 0.167 0.085 0.102 R2 0.961
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