Effects of concentrated recharge conditions on hydrological processes and pollution responses of karst underground rivers
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摘要:
集中补给条件往往对岩溶地下河的水量和水质有显著影响，因此明晰不同集中补给条件对其的影响具有重要意义。基于水文地球化学调查，对鄂西青龙口地下河系统的落水洞入口和地下河出口同步进行了水文和水化学动态监测，探讨了不同补给条件对地下河水量和水质的影响。结果表明：补给强度和土壤含水率直接控制着落水洞的产汇流过程及岩溶地下河的流量响应，未达到阈值的降雨事件不会引起地下河流量响应；降雨集中汇流至落水洞入口的过程中，各水化学离子浓度均有明显的提高，而青龙口地下河出口水化学响应受补给强度影响，强降雨下地下河受落水洞入口水化学离子浓度富集影响强烈；降雨后的水质波动主要源于降雨形成地表径流携带的面源污染，暴雨后的总无机氮和磷酸盐在落水洞口出现聚集，集中补给输入的污染物对地下河产生直接污染，浓度可达天然背景值的2～3倍；水化学响应中氨氮先于硝态氮进入岩溶水循环，地下河系统出口的硝态氮和总无机氮通量相较入口有所增加，氨氮通量随补给时间逐渐减少，推测管道内发生了硝化反应。本研究结果可为岩溶地下河的污染防控和水环境治理提供科学依据。
Abstract:Objective Concentrated recharge conditions exert critical controls on both hydrological regimes and water quality in karst underground rivers. Quantifying the differential impacts of recharge scenarios on these interlinked parameters remains a pressing research priority.
Methods Based on hydrogeochemical surveys, this study implemented synchronous measurements of hydrological fluxes and solute dynamics at sinkhole recharge zone and the downstream conduit outlet within the Qinglongkou underground river system in western Hubei. This was done to explore the impacts of varying recharge conditions on the water quantity and quality of the underground river.
Results The results indicate that recharge intensity and soil moisture content directly control the flow generation and convergence processes within sinkhole , as well as the flow response of the karst underground river system. Rainfall events fail to activate conduit flow response that below a threshold. Concentrated recharge mobilization triggered notable solute enrichment, manifested as 2-3 fold increases in ionic concentrations (relative to background levels) at sinkholes. High-intensity rainfall would amplifield hydrochemical pertubations at the system oullet through the enhanced solute flusing. With TIN (total inorganic nitrogen) and phosphates accumulate at the sinkhole entrance following the heavy rainfall. Nitrogen speciation dynamics demonstrated stage-dependent behavior: ammonium (${\mathrm{N}}\text{-}{\mathrm{NH}}^+_4 $) preceded nitrate (${\mathrm{N}}\text{-}{\mathrm{NO}}^-_3 $) in the conduit flow sequence, while nitrate/TIN fluxes increased downstream whereas ammonium fluxes progressively attenuated-consistent with in-conduit nitrification processes.
Conclusion These findings of this study provide a scientific basis for pollution prevention and control, as well as water environmental management of karst underground rivers.
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图 3 青龙口地下河系统水文动态响应变化图（1～8为降雨事件编号）
Figure 3. Changes in the hydrologic dynamic response of Qinglongkou underground river system
图 4 不同补给强度下落水洞1和落水洞2水化学组分对降雨的响应
Figure 4. Response of hydrochemical components to rainfall at different recharge intensities in Falling Water Cave 1 and Falling Water Cave 2
图 5 不同补给强度下青龙口地下河水化学组分对降雨的响应
Figure 5. Response of hydrochemical components of Qinglongkou underground river water to rainfall under different recharge intensities
图 6 不同补给强度下输入通量与输出通量对比
R. 落水洞输入通量与青龙口输出通量变化的比值
Figure 6. Comparsion of input fluxes versus output fluxes under different recharge intensities
表 1 青龙口地下河系统降雨流量响应情况
Table 1. Rainfall-discharge responses of Qinglongkou underground river system
降雨事件编号 降雨时间 次降雨量/mm 最大降雨强度/(mm‧h−1) 落水洞1产流情况 落水洞2产流情况 青龙口流量响应情况 降雨事件1 2022-06-18 14：00 9.0 7.0 产流 未产流 未响应 降雨事件2 2022-06-19 13：00 16.0 12.5 产流 产流 响应 降雨事件3 2022-06-22 23：00 6.0 3.5 未产流 未产流 未响应 降雨事件4 2022-06-23 11：00 15.5 5.5 未产流 产流 响应 降雨事件5 2022-06-27 05：00 67.0 25.0 产流 产流 响应 降雨事件6 2022-06-30 17：00 6.0 3.5 未产流 未产流 未响应 降雨事件7 2022-07-01 15：00 21.5 17.5 产流 产流 响应 降雨事件8 2023-06-16 08：00 68.5 5.5 产流 产流 响应 
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表 2 青龙口地下河主要离子质量浓度特征统计
Table 2. Statistical characteristic of mass concentrations of major ions in the Qinglongkou underground river
项目 pH TDS K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ Cl− ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ ${\mathrm{PO}}_4^{3-} $ TIN ρB/(mg‧L−1) 弱降雨
(降雨事件4)最小值 7.85 195.30 0.93 1.80 46.14 20.19 13.67 1.84 201.67 0.00 7.00 最大值 8.05 231.56 1.79 2.34 52.18 23.51 15.44 2.81 260.04 0.17 10.20 平均值 7.96 213.80 1.15 1.94 49.66 21.81 14.59 2.08 228.20 0.06 8.50 标准差 0.07 11.39 0.19 0.16 2.12 1.20 0.46 0.24 17.56 0.05 0.67 变异系数/% 0.83 5.33 16.19 8.11 4.27 5.51 3.18 11.70 7.70 78.86 7.89 强降雨
(降雨事件5)最小值 7.56 175.08 1.07 1.44 39.98 17.07 10.81 1.72 173.36 0.09 8.88 最大值 7.96 246.03 3.16 2.72 55.91 25.15 16.40 3.17 267.12 0.56 19.08 平均值 7.80 198.93 1.57 1.78 45.34 19.48 13.13 2.20 202.16 0.34 14.60 标准差 0.10 19.18 0.43 0.28 4.80 2.56 1.83 0.32 23.78 0.10 2.66 变异系数/% 1.32 9.64 27.64 15.67 10.58 13.14 13.97 14.44 11.76 30.05 18.23
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