基于三轴压缩模拟试验的页岩低阻成因机制

高天; 刘睿; 徐璐; 陈增裕; 李佳明; 龙思宇; 廖强; 刘鹏; 李鹏艳

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230533

基于三轴压缩模拟试验的页岩低阻成因机制

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.tb20230533

高天^{1, 2,},
刘睿^2, ,,
徐璐²,
陈增裕²,
李佳明²,
龙思宇²,
廖强²,
刘鹏²,
李鹏艳²

1.
中国石油大学（北京）地球科学学院，北京 102249
2.
西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院，成都 610500

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目“五峰−龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构的构造压实调整机制研究”（42072184）

详细信息

作者简介:
高天：E-mail：gaotianx27@163.com

通讯作者:
E-mail：Liurui@outlook.com

中图分类号: P618.13
计量
- 文章访问数: 1118
- PDF下载量: 37
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-09-20
- 录用日期: 2023-12-12
- 修回日期: 2023-12-05
- 网络出版日期: 2023-12-29

Genetic mechanism of low resistance in shale analyzed via triaxial compression tests

GAO Tian^{1, 2
,},
LIU Rui^{2
, ,},
XU Lu²,
CHEN Zengyu²,
LI Jiaming²,
LONG Siyu²,
LIAO Qiang²,
LIU Peng²,
LI Pengyan²

1.
College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2.
School of Geosciences and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China

More Information

Author Bio:
E-mail：gaotianx27@163.com

Corresponding author: E-mail：Liurui@outlook.com

摘要

摘要:
川南地区五峰−龙马溪组页岩气储层在多个地区出现低电阻异常现象。统计显示，低阻页岩（<10 Ω·m）与构造断裂带在空间分布上存在叠合关系。为揭示页岩电阻率与构造断裂带之间的关联机制，基于薄片鉴定、X射线衍射分析、激光拉曼光谱分析、全岩沥青反射率测定以及常规物性分析等手段，确定了页岩试样的岩石学特征和地球化学特征；基于三轴压缩物理模拟试验确定了变形过程中页岩试样电阻率的变化特征，明确了裂缝发育及盐水的侵入对页岩低阻现象的影响。结果表明：黏土矿物、黄铁矿和高热演化程度有机质相对均一的页岩试样，在饱和不同浓度盐水后，电阻率显著降低，且电阻率降低幅度（95.07%～98.70%）与盐水质量浓度之间存在正相关关系；饱和盐水的页岩试样受压破裂后电阻率进一步降低，范围介于5.7～25.7 Ω·m之间（平均值为13.3 Ω·m），且页岩试样饱和盐水后的电阻率与其破裂后的电阻率符合正相关线性关系。页岩内部裂缝系统的发育后导电流体的侵入，是页岩电阻率降低的主要控制因素。页岩受压破裂后电阻率的降低幅度受到入侵溶液浓度和裂缝发育程度的双重影响。研究成果解释并补充了构造断裂带对页岩电阻率的影响机制，丰富了低阻页岩成因机制理论，对低阻页岩层段的勘探开发具有重要意义。
- 低阻页岩 /
- 低阻成因 /
- 裂缝 /
- 地层水 /
- 四川盆地 /
- 五峰−龙马溪组 /
- 三轴压缩模拟试验
Abstract:
Objective
The gas-rich Wufeng-Longmaxi shale of the southern Sichuan Basin exhibits low-resistance anomalies in multiple areas. Statistical analysis reveals that the low-resistivity zone (<10 Ω·m) in the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale is spatially associated with tectonic faults. This study aims to reveal the coupling mechanism between shale resistivity and tectonic faults.
Methods
This study determines the petrological and geochemical characteristics of outcrop samples obtained from the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the southern Sichuan Basin through thin-section identification, X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectroscopy, whole-rock asphalt reflectance, and conventional physical property analyses. The characteristics of resistivity change in the shale during deformation were analyzed through triaxial compression tests. The impacts of fracture system generation and conductive fluid intrusion on low-resistivity shale were also clarified.
Results
The results show that the resistivity of shale samples, which have similar characteristics of clay minerals, pyrite, organic matter content, and thermal maturity level, significantly decreased after saturation with brines of various salinities. A positive correlation was observed between the resistivity reduction (95.07%-98.70%) and brine salinity. After reaching the compressive strength, the resistivity reduction of the brine-saturated samples varies from 5.7 Ω·m to 25.7 Ω·m (average: 13.3 Ω·m). This reduction shows a linearly positive correlation with the resistivity observed post cracking. The intrusion of conductive fluid and the generation of the fracture system in shale are the primary controlling factors for resistivity reduction. The resistivity after cracking is influenced by both the intruded saltwater salinity and fracture density.
Conclusion
This research elucidates the influence mechanism of tectonic fault zones on shale resistivity and enhances the theoretical framework for understanding the genesis of low-resistivity shale, with significant implications for the exploration and development of low-resistivity shale formations.
- low-resistivity shale /
- low-resistivity origin /
- fracture /
- formation water /
- Sichuan Basin /
- WuFeng-Longmaxi Fromations /
- triaxial compression test

HTML全文

图 1 研究区构造位置图(a)及地层综合柱状图(b) ^[28]

Figure 1. Tectonic location (a) and stratigraphic column (b) of the study area

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图 2 川南地区五峰组电阻率平面展布图

Figure 2. Resistivity distribution of the Wufeng Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin

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图 3 川南地区龙一₁¹小层电阻率平面展布图

Figure 3. Resistivity distribution of the Long 1₁¹ layer in the southern Sichuan Basin

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图 4 JYT1井垂直段岩心、成像测井中裂缝特征

Figure 4. Fracture characteristics in cores and imaging log of Well JYT1

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图 5 SP6试样部分测点激光拉曼图谱结果及测点位置

a，b. 测点1的测试结果及位置；c，d. 测点5的测试结果及位置；D. 位于拉曼位移1300～1350 cm⁻¹区间内的峰值，主要与沥青中碳质的无序结构和缺陷有关；G. 位于拉曼位移1580～1600 cm⁻¹区间内的峰值，与芳香族碳−碳双键（C=C）的伸缩振动有关；G'. 位于拉曼位移2600～2700 cm⁻¹区间内的峰值，为 G 峰的二阶倍频峰，可辅助判断沥青中碳质结构的有序性

Figure 5. Raman spectra characteristics and measurement point positions of the SP6 sample

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图 6 CZ试样应力−应变图(a)及电阻率−应变图(b)

图中数值为处理样品使用的盐水溶液的质量浓度，下同

Figure 6. Stress-strain (a) and resistivity-strain (b) diagrams of CZ samples

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图 7 SP试样应力−应变图(a)及电阻率−应变图(b)

Figure 7. Stress-strain (a) and resistivity-strain (b) diagrams of SP samples

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图 8 长宁地区五峰−龙马溪组页岩黏土矿物含量与电阻率间关系^[6]

Figure 8. Relationship between clay mineral content and resistivity of shale of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in the Changning area

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图 9 电阻率参数与黏土矿物体积分数之间的关系

R_d为干燥页岩试样的电阻率；R_s为页岩试样饱和对应浓度盐水溶液后的电阻率；下同

Figure 9. Relationship between resistivity parameters and clay mineral content

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图 10 R_o与激光拉曼测试参数、电阻率关系模式图^[36]

Figure 10. R_o and model diagram of laser Raman test parameters, resistivity^[36]

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图 11 页岩试样饱和对应浓度盐水溶液后电阻率下降比例与盐水溶液质量浓度关系

Figure 11. Relationship between the proportion of resistivity decreased and the brine salinity by brine

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图 12 页岩试样电阻率参数与盐水溶液质量浓度的关系

R_c. 饱和盐水溶液的页岩试样受压破裂后的电阻率，Ω·m；下同

Figure 12. Relationship between the resistivity of shale samples and the brine salinity

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图 13 去除盐水溶液质量浓度影响后裂缝对页岩试样受压破裂后电阻率变化的影响

Figure 13. Influence of fracture on the resistivity change of shale samples after the brine salinity removed

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图 14 页岩试样受压破裂前后电阻率关系

Figure 14. Relationship between resistivity of shale samples before and after cracked

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表 1 页岩试样测试结果数据汇总

Table 1. Test results of shale samples

分组编号	溶液质量浓度/ （mg·L⁻¹）	溶液电阻率^*/ (Ω·m)	试样编号	初始电阻率 R_i/（Ω·m）	干燥电阻率 R_d/（Ω·m）	饱和电阻率 R_s/（Ω·m）	破裂电阻率 R_c/（Ω·m）	破裂压力 P_c/MPa	孔隙度/%
Ⅰ	0	/	SP1	411.4	7862.6	188.7	176.1	269.3	4.26
			SP3	600.9	4918.0	196.4	182.6	283.4	4.62
			CZ5	435.2	3844.8	189.7	182.9	261.1	4.87
			CZ9	424.5	4424.2	212.5	199.6	269.3	4.90
Ⅱ	12000	0.71	SP5	800.3	5206.8	134.3	108.8	308.1	4.71
			SP7	470.4	4491.3	107.6	94.9	275.4	4.99
			CZ1	808.6	3785.2	111.4	85.7	246.3	4.95
			CZ3	266.4	3410.4	116.7	99.7	262.1	4.94
Ⅲ	24000	0.37	SP8	467.0	3697.4	90.9	84.5	232.0	5.02
			SP9	456.4	3780.8	80.1	74.4	245.1	5.25
			CZ7	477.6	3982.9	81.8	64.9	272.8	5.09
			CZ10	791.7	4788.1	103.3	93.6	262.6	5.56
Ⅳ	36000	0.25	SP4	650.9	3568.4	92.4	83.1	242.6	5.37
			SP10	913.4	5608.9	98.0	89.4	301.4	5.45
			CZ6	576.6	3824.9	93.5	80.2	280.6	5.70
			CZ8	663.4	4368.8	86.1	64.8	245.1	5.73
Ⅴ	48000	0.19	SP2	329.2	3896.0	64.9	55.4	295.9	5.54
			SP6	474.6	4932.9	64.3	54.4	276.1	5.71
			CZ2	492.8	3267.2	74.9	65.7	255.1	5.95
			CZ4	595.7	3764.8	79.1	60.0	271.3	5.74
*据斯伦贝谢公司《NaCl溶液的电阻率与其浓度和温度关系》图版拟合得到试验条件下NaCl溶液浓度与电阻率之间函数关系：$ {y}=4\ 514.15{x}^{-0.93} $

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表 2 页岩试样矿物组成及热演化程度

Table 2. Mineral composition and clay mineral composition of shale samples

试样编号	全岩矿物体积分数/%						黏土矿物占比/%		伊/蒙混层占比/%		沥青反射率 R_b/%	沥青等效镜质体反射率bR_oeq/%
试样编号	石英	斜长石	方解石	白云石	黄铁矿	黏土矿物	伊利石	伊/蒙混层	蒙皂石层	伊利石层	沥青反射率 R_b/%	沥青等效镜质体反射率bR_oeq/%
SP2	55.7	1.3	20.5	12.7	0.9	8.9	97	3	5	95	3.83	2.92
SP4	52.8	0.8	22.7	15.9	1.2	6.6	97	3	5	95	/	/
CZ1	58.2	1.4	18.3	11.7	0.8	9.6	98	2	5	95	3.98	3.02
CZ4	53.8	0.7	18.4	16.7	1.2	9.2	99	1	5	95	4.06	3.08
CZ9	50.6	1.9	22.6	16.4	1.0	7.5	97	3	5	95	4.08	3.09

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表 3 SP6试样激光拉曼光谱测试数据及等效镜质体反射率计算结果

Table 3. Laser Raman spectroscopy test results and equivalent vitrinite reflectance results of SP6 smaple

测点编号	D峰峰高	G峰峰高	峰间距/cm⁻¹	峰高比	激光拉曼反射率RmcR_o/%	拉曼等效镜质体反射率rR_oeq/%
1	9415.60	18264.10	272.51	0.52	3.36	3.47
2	7856.00	14891.10	272.13	0.53	3.37	3.48
3	8082.24	15545.40	271.95	0.52	3.36	3.47
4	7271.43	13530.90	272.05	0.54	3.39	3.49
5	8829.71	16437.00	272.83	0.54	3.39	3.49
6	8250.88	15437.50	272.21	0.53	3.38	3.49
7	9002.58	16678.10	271.91	0.54	3.39	3.49
8	8522.53	16270.90	271.60	0.52	3.37	3.48
9	9150.72	17194.30	270.70	0.53	3.38	3.48
10	7612.25	14789.00	271.45	0.51	3.36	3.47

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