典型石漠化峰丛洼地土壤重金属的空间分异特征及其影响因素

覃星铭; 马国斌; 蒋忠诚; 胡宝清; 谢薇薇; 谭帅; 曹雨薇

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0189

典型石漠化峰丛洼地土壤重金属的空间分异特征及其影响因素

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0189

覃星铭^{1a, 1b,},
马国斌^{1a, 1b},
蒋忠诚^{2a, 2b, ,},
胡宝清^{1a, 1b},
谢薇薇^{1a, 1b},
谭帅^{1a, 1b},
曹雨薇^{1a, 1b}

1a.
南宁师范大学北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004
1b.
南宁师范大学广西地表过程与智能模拟重点实验室, 南宁 530001
2a.
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所, 广西桂林 541004
2b.
中国地质科学院自然资源部岩溶生态系统与石漠化治理重点实验室, 广西桂林 541004

基金项目:

广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目 2021KY0388

自然资源部岩溶生态系统与石漠化治理重点实验室开放基金 KDL202104

大学生创新训练项目 202010603284

国家自然科学基金面上项目 42071135

详细信息

作者简介:
覃星铭(1983—)，男，高级工程师，主要从事岩溶水土资源过程研究工作。E-mail: qxm212@nnnu.edu.cn

通讯作者:
蒋忠诚(1962—)，男，研究员，主要从事岩溶水文地质与环境地质研究工作。E-mail: jzhongcheng@mail.cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: X141
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-05
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-10

Spatial variations and influencing factors analysis of heavy metals in the soil of typical rocky desertification peak cluster depression

Qin Xingming^{1a, 1b
,},
Ma Guobin^{1a, 1b},
Jiang Zhongcheng^{2a, 2b
, ,},
Hu Baoqing^{1a, 1b},
Xie Weiwei^{1a, 1b},
Tan Shuai^{1a, 1b},
Cao Yuwei^{1a, 1b}

1a.
Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
1b.
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Intelligent Simulation, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
2a.
Institute of Karst Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin Guangxi 541004, China
2b.
Key Laboratory of Karst Ecosystem and Treatment of Rocky Desertification of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin Guangxi 541004, China

摘要

摘要:
研究石漠化峰丛洼地土壤重金属空间分异特征及其影响因素, 对推动区域土壤重金属污染防治、石漠化综合治理具有重要的指导意义和实践价值。以广西平果市典型石漠化峰丛洼地土壤为研究对象, 通过调查采样分析以及综合运用地统计学、地质累积指数、潜在生态危害指数和地理探测器等方法, 分析探讨土壤重金属的空间分异特征及其影响因素。结果表明, 研究区8种重金属元素的空间分布总体呈东北向西南降低的变化格局, 研究区东北部和东南部为重金属高值叠加区的集中分布区, Cr，Cd元素呈现中等的空间相关性, 其他6个重金属元素表现为强空间相关性；研究区受Cd，As，Cr，Cu，Zn等元素不同污染程度的影响, 且以Cd的影响尤为突出, 其地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数分别高达1.34和107.73；pH、地层、Fe₂O₃、土地利用、P、CaO、Mn、到断层距离、石漠化程度是影响研究区土壤重金属空间分异的主要因子, 而且不同因子组对土壤重金属空间分异的交互作用以双因子增强型和非线性增强为主。因此认为不同因子对石漠化峰丛洼地土壤不同重金属元素空间分异特征的影响程度存在差异, Cd是石漠化峰丛洼地土壤污染程度和潜在生态危害程度最严重的重金属元素, 地层、Mn、CaO、岩性、到断层距离、P是影响Cd空间分异的关键因子。
- 石漠化峰丛洼地 /
- 土壤重金属 /
- 空间分异 /
- 地理探测器 /
- 影响因子
Abstract:
Karst peak cluster depression areas are characterized by a special double-layer hydrogeological structure, and under the influence of human activities, there are many environmental problems, such as soil erosion, rocky desertification, dryness and wetness, and heavy metal pollution. How to clarify the spatial variations and influencing factor analysis of heavy metals in the soil of typical rocky desertification peak cluster depressions has become an important content to promote the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in soil and the comprehensive management of rocky desertification. The typical rocky desertification peak cluster depression soil in Pingguo City, Guangxi, was selected as the research object in this study.Spatial variations, associated mechanisms and pollution risk assessments of eight heavy metals (e.g., As, Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in soil were carried out by using the geo-statistical, geological accumulation index, potential ecological danger index and geographical detector methods. These results show that the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the study area generally shows a downward trend from northeast to southwest. Cr and Cd show medium spatial correlation, and the other six heavy metals show strong spatial correlation, which was analyzed by semivariogram. The study area is affected by different pollution levels of Cd, As, Cr, Cu and Zn, and the impact of Cd is the most important. The geological accumulation index and potential ecological hazard index of Cd are 1.34 and 107.73, respectively, but the average geological accumulation index of other heavy metals is less than 0, and the potential ecological hazard index is less than 16.The main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of eight heavy metals in the soil of the study area are pH, stratum, Fe₂O₃, land use, phosphorus, CaO, Mn, distance to fault and rocky desertification degree. Moreover, the interaction types of different factor groups on the spatial differentiation of heavy metals in soil were mainly two factors enhanced and nonlinear enhanced. Therefore, it is considered that different factors have different effects on the spatial differentiation characteristics of various heavy metals in the soil of rocky desertification peak cluster depression. Cd is the most serious heavy metal element in the soil pollution degree and potential ecological harm degree of rocky desertification peak cluster depression. Strata, Mn, CaO, lithology, distance to fault and phosphorus are the key factors affecting the spatial differentiation of Cd.
- rocky desertification peak cluster depression /
- soil heavy metal /
- spatial variation /
- geographical detector /
- impact factor

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图 1 研究区土壤采样点分布

Figure 1. Distribution map of soil sampling sites in the study area

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图 2 土壤重金属元素质量分数和pH空间分布特征

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of soil heavy metals and pH

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图 3 土壤重金属元素高值分布特征

Figure 3. High value distribution characteristics of soil heavy metals

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图 4 不同影响因子对土壤重金属的解释力

Figure 4. Explanatory power of different influencing factors on soil heavy metals

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表 1 影响因子离散化分类

Table 1. Impact factor discretization

因子	分类情况
w(N)/(mg·kg^-1)	[1 001, 1 250), [1 250, 1 500), [1 500, 1 750), [1 750, 2 000), [2 000, 2 250], [2 250, 2 500_, [2 500, 2 750), [2 750, 3 000]
w(P)/(mg·kg^-1)	[301, 600), [600, 900), [900, 1 200), [1 200, 1 500), [1 500, 1 800), [1 800, 2 100), [2 100, 2 400), [2 400, 2 700]
w(K₂O)/%	[0.01, 0.50), [0.50, 1.00), [1.00, 1.50), [1.50, 2.00), [2.00, 2.50), [2.50, 3.00), [3.00, 3.50), [3.50, 4.00]
w(有机碳)/%	[1.01, 1.50), [1.50, 2.00), [2.00, 2.50), [2.50, 3.00), [3.00, 3.50), [3.50, 4.00), [4.00, 4.50), [4.50, 5.00]
w(Mn)/(mg·kg^-1)	[1, 400), [400, 800), [800, 1 200), [1 200, 1 600), [1 600, 2 000), [2 000, 2 400), [2 400, 2 800), [2 800, 3 200]
w(Fe₂O₃)/%	[2.1, 4.0), [4.0, 6.0), [6.0, 8.0), [8.0, 10.0), [10.0, 12.0), [12.0, 14.0), [14.0, 16.0), [16.0, 18.0]
w(CaO)/%	[0.01, 0.50), [0.50, 1.00), [1.00, 2.00), [2.00, 3.00), [3.00, 5.00), [5.00, 10.00), [10.00, 25.00), [25.00, 56.00]
w(MgO)/%	[0.01, 0.20), [0.20, 0.40), [0.40, 0.60), [0.60, 0.80), [0.80, 1.00), [1.00, 1.20), [1.20, 1.40), [1.40, 1.60]
pH	＜4.5, [4.5, 5.5), [5.5, 6.5), [6.5, 7.5), [7.5, 8.5]
海拔/m	[291, 310), [310, 330), [330, 350), [350, 370), [370, 390), [390, 410), [410, 430), [430, 450]
坡度/°	[0, 0.5), [0.5, 2), [2, 5), [5, 15), [15, 25), [25, 35]
土地利用	耕地、园地、林地、草地、其他土地
地层	泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系、三叠系
岩性	灰岩、白云岩、碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩、碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩
Frd/m	[0, 1 000), [1 000, 2 000), [2 000, 3 000), [3 000, 4 000), [4 000, 5 000), [5 000, 6 000), [6 000, 7 000], ＞7 000
Srd/m	[0, 100), [100, 300), [300, 500), [500, 700), [700, 900), [900, 1 100), [1 100, 1 300], ＞1 300
Rard/m	[1, 100), [100, 200), [200, 300), [300, 400), [400, 500), [500, 600), [600, 700], ＞700
Rd	无石漠化、潜在石漠化、轻度石漠化、中度石漠化、重度石漠化
注：Frd.到断层距离；Srd.到水源距离；Rard.到居民点距离；Rd.石漠化程度

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表 2 土壤重金属质量分数统计特征

Table 2. Statistical characteristics of heavy metals in soil

元素	最小值	最大值	平均值	中值	标准差	偏度	峰度	变异系数/%
元素	w_B/(mg·kg^-1)				标准差	偏度	峰度	变异系数/%
As	10.80	177.00	45.66	38.00	29.90	2.32	8.22	65.48
Hg	0.08	1.09	0.33	0.30	0.18	1.85	6.13	54.55
Cr	91.60	628.00	234.85	183.0	139.42	1.09	0.18	59.37
Cd	0.04	10.01	1.80	0.80	2.11	1.88	4.35	117.22
Pb	20.00	84.70	46.79	46.80	16.30	0.33	-0.47	34.84
Ni	15.00	85.63	38.38	33.27	18.37	0.95	0.17	48.86
Cu	14.80	59.70	32.28	31.10	13.10	0.60	-0.61	40.58
Zn	64.30	407.10	166.68	121.20	99.89	1.11	0.15	59.93

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表 3 土壤重金属空间分异的理论模型和参数

Table 3. Theoretical models and parameter values for the spatial differentiation of soil heavy metals

元素	模型	块金值	基台值	块金值/基台值	残差平方	决定系数
As	Gaussian	0.00	2.51	0.00	0.23	0.80
Hg	Gaussian	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.96
Cr	Linear	0.05	0.18	0.29	0.00	0.95
Cd	Gaussian	0.08	0.20	0.42	0.00	0.98
Pb	Gaussian	0.03	0.16	0.18	0.00	0.82
Ni	Gaussian	0.04	0.17	0.24	0.00	0.92
Cu	Gaussian	0.04	0.27	0.15	0.00	0.97
Zn	Gaussian	0.10	0.80	0.13	0.00	0.74

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表 4 土壤重金属高值区统计

Table 4. Statistics of high value areas of soil heavy metals

元素	高值区面积/km²	高值区面积占比/%	超高值区面积/km²	超高值区面积占比/%
As	18.12	64.71	0	0
Hg	0.06	0.21	0	0
Cr	21.89	78.18	0	0
Cd	14.11	50.39	10.42	37.21
Pb	4.74	16.93	0	0
Zn	10.47	37.39	—	—
Ni	0	0	—	—
Cu	0	0	—	—

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表 5 土壤重金属地质累积指数及影响等级统计特征

Table 5. Statistical characteristics of the geological accumulation index and grade of soil heavy metals

元素	地质累积指数I_geo		各等级所占比例/%
元素	范围	平均值	≥3级	2级	1级	≤0级
As	-2.53~8.42	-0.57	2.33	2.33	0	95.34
Hg	-92.92~39.85	-0.40	0	0	0	100
Cr	-40.78~4.27	-1.97	2.33	0	0	97.67
Cd	-15.96~11.41	1.34	6.98	13.95	9.30	69.77
Pb	-2.50~-0.40	-0.89	0	0	0	100
Ni	-5.86~-0.37	-1.00	0	0	0	100
Cu	-25.11~60.96	-1.10	2.33	0	0	97.67
Zn	-7.00~11.14	-0.14	11.63	0	0	88.37

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表 6 研究区土壤重金属的潜在生态危害指数

Table 6. Potential ecological risk index of soil heavy metals in the study area

指标	As	Hg	Cr	Cd	Pb	Ni	Cu	Zn	RI
潜在生态危害指数	15.22	8.32	4.27	107.73	3.90	6.40	4.03	1.11	151.50
潜在危害程度	轻微	轻微	轻微	强	轻微	轻微	轻微	轻微	中等

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表 7 影响因子对土壤重金属交互探测结果

Table 7. Interaction detection results of soil heavy metals by different influencing factors

元素	q(X_i∩X_j)=M	A[q(X_i)]+B[q(X_j)]=N	比较结果	交互作用类型
As	pH∩MgO =0.54	pH(0.21)+MgO(0.16)=0.37	M>N	非线性增强
As	pH∩Corg=0.51	pH(0.21)+Corg(0.11)=0.32	M>N	非线性增强
Hg	CaO∩pH=0.55	CaO(0.36)+pH(0.32)=0.68	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Hg	CaO∩Slope=0.49	CaO(0.36)+Slope(0.14)=0.50	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Cr	Fe₂O₃∩SC=0.89	Fe₂O₃(0.66)+SC(0.42)=1.08	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Cr	Fe₂O₃∩K₂O=0.91	Fe₂O₃(0.66)+K₂O(0.34)=1	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Ni	Fe₂O₃∩SC=0.81	Fe₂O₃(0.70)+ SC(0.43)=1.13	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Ni	Fe₂O₃∩LUT=0.79	Fe₂O₃(0.70)+LUT(0.26)=0.96	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Cu	Fe₂O₃∩SC=0.88	Fe₂O₃(0.81)+SC(0.44)=1.25	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Cu	Fe₂O₃∩H=0.94	Fe₂O₃(0.81)+H(0.34)=1.15	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Zn	Fe₂O₃∩P=0.97	Fe₂O₃(0.69)+P(0.61)=1.3	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Zn	Fe₂O₃∩Frd=0.95	Fe₂O₃(0.69)+Frd(0.54)=1.23	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Cd	Frd∩P=0.91	Frd(0.75)+P(0.48)=1.23	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Cd	Frd∩SC=0.84	Frd(0.75)+SC(0.47)=1.22	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Pb	Mn∩pH=0.80	Mn(0.67)+pH(0.29)=0.96	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
Pb	Mn∩N=0.85	Mn(0.67)+N(0.23)=90	M>A, M>B	双因子增强
注：SC.地层；Frd.到断层距离；LUT.土地利用；Corg.有机碳；Slop.坡度；H.海拔

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