Genesis of karst groundwater contamination based on system spatial feature recognition
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摘要:
岩溶地下水系统空间结构复杂, 含水层渗透性强、防污性能差, 一旦发生污染, 污染物扩散迅速且修复难度较大。以南方某岩溶大泉为例, 在水文地质调查的基础上, 结合水化学图解及多元示踪技术, 分析岩溶地下水系统边界及暗河管道分布, 识别岩溶泉的主要污染物、来源及污染途径, 探索岩溶地下水污染成因模式。研究结果表明, Q1岩溶地下水系统为典型的"多源单汇"地下水循环模式, 存在南北2条主要径流通道; 其主要污染物质为锰、菌落总数、氨氮、总磷, 分别为地下水质量标准阈值的17, 14, 7.2, 3.8倍; 建筑垃圾堵塞原有的暗河通道, 工程勘察和强夯活动破坏了垃圾堆场下部天然黏土防渗层, 生活垃圾及渗滤液进入岩溶管道, 两者共同导致了岩溶地下水的污染。该研究对于岩溶地下水系统污染防治工作具有重要的借鉴意义。
Abstract:The karst groundwater system has a complex spatial structure, strong aquifer permeability and poor anti-pollution performance. Once pollution occurs, the pollutants spread rapidly, and the repair is difficult. This study takes the pollution of a large karst spring in South China as an example. On the basis of a karst hydrogeological survey, combined with hydrochemical characteristics and multiple-tracer technology, the boundary of karst groundwater system and the distribution of underground river pipelines were analyzed, and the main pollution sources and pollution routes of the karst spring were identified. In addition, the genetic model of karst groundwater pollution was also explored. These results showe that the Q1 karst groundwater system was a typical "multi-source, single-sink" groundwater circulation pattern with two main runoff channels in the north and south. Manganese, total bacterial counts, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus were the main substances exceeding the standard, which were 17, 14, 7.2 and 3.8 times the groundwater quality standard threshold, respectively. The construction waste blocked the original channel of the underground river, forcing the groundwater to divert and flow under the landfill. Engineering investigation and dynamic compaction activities destroyed the natural clay impermeable stratum under the landfill, resulting in the early transport of domestic garbage and leachate entered into the karst pipeline, both of which caused the pollution of karst groundwater. This study provides an important reference for the prevention and control of karst groundwater pollution.
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Key words:
- groundwater contamination /
- tracer test /
- spatial structure /
- genesis /
- karst water system
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图 1 研究区水文地质条件及取样点位置图
1.强岩溶含水层；2.中等岩溶含水层；3.弱岩溶含水层；4.相对隔水层；5.白垩系-新近系；6.巴东组；7.嘉陵江组；8.大冶组；9.上二叠统；10.栖霞茅口组；11.岩溶洼地；12.暗河出口；13.地质界线$ \frac{\text { 流量 }\left(\mathrm{m}^3 / \mathrm{s}\right)}{\text { 高程 }(\mathrm{m})}$；14.推测暗河管道；15.水系；16.地下水流向；17.岩溶泉；18.示踪剂投放点；19.示踪剂接收点；20.落水洞；21.暗河天窗；22.采样点
Figure 1. Hydrogeological map of the study area and location map of sampling point
图 2 地下水中主要超标组分占比(菌落总数样品为28组)
Figure 2. Main components exceeding the standard in the groundwater quality
图 4 岩溶水系统空间结构示意图
1.强岩溶含水层；2.中等岩溶含水层；3.弱岩溶含水层；4.相对隔水层；5.白垩系-新近系；6.巴东组；7.嘉陵江组；8.大冶组；9.中二叠统；10.栖霞茅口组；11.岩溶洼地；12.地下水分水岭；13.污染分区；14.推测暗河管道；15.水系；16.地下水流向；17.岩溶泉；18.地下暗河；19.垃圾堆场；20.落水洞；21.暗河天窗；22.示踪剂投放点; L-1.暗河编号
Figure 4. Spatial structure of the karst water system
图 5 研究区污染物标准指数分布图(图例见图 4)
Ⅰ区为北部生活污水区；Ⅱ区为北部农业和养殖业区；Ⅲ区为垃圾堆场区；Ⅳ区为南部生活污水区
Figure 5. Distribution diagram of the pollutant standard index
图 7 垃圾堆场破坏后剖面图
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the section after destruction of the waste dump
图 8 岩溶泉污染成因模式(T1, T2, L1为示踪剂投放点)
Figure 8. Model diagram of karst spring pollution causes
表 1 研究区主要落水洞、天窗
Table 1. Main sinkholes and skylights in the study area
类型 落水洞 天窗 L1 L2 L3 L4 T1 T2 T3 高程/m 520.0 485.2 513.0 553.0 470.0 468.0 672.0 流量/(L·s-1) 3 5 1 5 - 100 10 
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表 2 地下水多元示踪试验情况
Table 2. Groundwater multi-element tracing tests
试验编号 示踪剂投放地点 示踪剂类型 投放时间 投放量/g 1 L1 罗丹明 2019/10/16 9:00 3 000 2 T3 荧光增白剂 2019/10/16 11:00 3 000 3 L3 荧光素钠 2019/10/18 18:00 1 000 4 L2 罗丹明 2019/11/5 12:00 2 000 5 T1 荧光增白剂 2019/11/14 14:00 3 000 6 L4 荧光素钠 2019/11/23 10:00 3 000
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表 3 岩溶泉2017, 2019年相关水质指标特征
Table 3. Characteristics of relevant water quality indicators of karst spring in 2017 and 2019
水化学指标 类总大肠杆菌/
(MPN·L-1)菌落总数/
(CFU·mL-1)氨氮 总磷 COD 铜 锌 铬 铅 镉 砷 锰 汞 ρB/(mg·L-1) ρB/(μg·L-1) Ⅲ类标准 10 000 100 0.5 0.2 20 1 000 1 000 50 10 5 10 100 1 2017年 194 100 0.02 0.02 0.92 0.74 2.1 0.071 0.2 0.000 15 0.146 2.98 0.000 62 2019年 3 500 1 400 3.6 0.76 9.24 7.4 25.5 1.1 1.9 0.02 1.9 1 700 0.01 2019年较Ⅲ类水 0.35倍 14倍 7.2倍 3.8倍 0.46倍 0.007倍 0.025倍 0.02倍 0.19倍 0.004倍 0.19倍 17倍 0.01倍 2019年较2017年 18倍 14倍 180倍 38倍 10倍 10倍 12倍 155倍 9倍 133倍 13倍 570倍 16倍
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表 4 地下水示踪试验成果
Table 4. Results of the groundwater tracing test
投放地点 L1 T3 L3 T1 监测地点 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 示踪剂 罗丹明 荧光增白剂 荧光素钠 荧光增白剂 投放量/g 3 000 3 000 1 000 2 000 投放点-监测点距/m 2 600 3 000 630 2 000 浓度产生响应时间/h 110 25.5 3.5 245.5 浓度达到峰值时间/h 132 26.5 4 249.2 浓度恢复正常时间/h 144 31 4.5 267.5 滞后时间/h 110 25.5 3.5 245.5 延迟时间/h 32 5.5 1 22 最快流速/(m·h-1) 27 117 180 6.1 平均流速/(m·h-1) 22.7 110 158 6
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表 5 岩溶地下水及潜在污染源主要污染物含量
Table 5. Main pollutant contents in karst groundwater and potential pollution sources
水化学指标 氨氮/(mg·L-1) 总磷/(mg·L-1) 锰/(μg·L-1) 菌落总数/(CFU·mL-1) 岩溶泉Q1 3.2~3.86 3.64~4.21 5.3~17.8 12~39 生活污水 0.13~0.56 3.10~4.23 0.007~0.204 1.4~6.8 农业和养殖业污水 2.32~2.7 1.2~2.33 1.35~2.65 6.8~9.2 垃圾渗滤液 7.04 27 51.3 34.7
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