Stress amplification of the landslide slip zone during vertical P-wave incidence based on ray theory
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摘要:
汶川地震触发的最大滑坡——大光包滑坡是受控于斜坡先期层间构造错动带(软弱层)的大型地震滑坡, 该软弱层不但遭受了强烈的历史构造碎裂, 还在地震中产生了大面积新生震裂, 其成因及对大光包滑坡启动的贡献一直是国内外研究焦点。以大光包滑坡为地质原型, 将层间构造错动带概化为含软弱层单元地质体模型, 基于地震波射线理论, 建立了垂直P波入射过程考虑软弱层顶底界面波场转换和时间延迟的动力响应理论模型, 开展了垂直振动作用下含软弱层单元地质体振动台模型试验, 获得了软弱层应力放大特征及受地震强度和频率的影响规律, 揭示振动波在软弱层顶底界面的波场转换和能量分配产生了振幅衰减, 以及因软弱层与上下硬层介质属性差异造成的时间延迟, 共同导致应力分异和叠加, 促使软弱层应力放大; 从而认为, 强震过程中大光包滑坡先期层间构造错动带应力放大导致了带内岩体碎裂, 降低了滑带岩体抗剪强度, 从而促使强震过程中滑坡快速启动。
Abstract:The largest landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake was the Daguangbao landslide, which formed in the preinterlayer structural dislocation zone (weak layer) in the slope. The weak layer suffered strong historical structural fragmentation and produced a large area of new fractures during the earthquake. The causes of weak layer fragmentation and its control effect on the initiation of the Daguangbao landslide have always been the research focus. In this paper, by taking the Daguangbao landslide as the geological prototype, the interlayer dislocation zone was generalized into a geological body model with a weak layer unit. Based on seismic wave ray theory, a dynamic response theoretical model of the vertical P-wave incidence process considering the wave field conversion and time delay at the top and bottom interface of the weak layer was established, and the dynamic stress amplification characteristics of the weak layer are found theoretically. Furthermore, through a shaking table physical model test, the influence law of seismic intensity and frequency on the stress amplification of the weak layer were revealed. Based on the theory and experimental structure, it was proposed that the amplitude attenuation was caused by the wave field conversion and energy distribution of the vibration wave at the top and bottom interface of the weak layer, and the time delay was caused by the difference in the medium properties between the weak layer and the upper and lower hard layers. Both of them lead to stress differentiation and superposition, which was the internal mechanism of stress amplification in the weak layer. Therefore, it was considered that the stress amplification of the preinterlayer structural dislocation zone of the Daguangbao landslide in the process of a strong earthquake led to the fragmentation of the rock mass in the zone, reduced the shear strength of the rock mass in the slip zone, and promoted the rapid start-up of the landslide in the process of a strong earthquake.
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Key words:
- weak interlayer /
- ray theory /
- P-wave /
- delay time /
- stress concentration /
- shaking table test
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图 2 大光包滑坡剖面图
Zd.震旦系灯影组; Ds.泥盆系沙窝子组; D3.磷矿层; Pl.二叠系梁山组; Py.二叠系阳新组; Pw.二叠系吴家坪组; Tj.三叠系嘉陵江组；Cz.新生界
Figure 2. Profile of the Daguangbao landslide
图 9 振动过程软弱层动力响应的理论计算结果
a.位移计算结果；b.土压力计算结果
Figure 9. Calculation results of the weak layer dynamic response
图 11 位移及土压力响应特征(0.5 m/s2，15 Hz)
Figure 11. Displacement and pressure response characteristics
图 12 模型试验激振强度与位移响应
Figure 12. Model test excitation intensity and displacement response
图 15 含软弱层地质体动力非协调变形响应示意图(图中(1)~(6)代表振动阶段)
Figure 15. Dynamic non conforming deformation response of geological body with weak layer
图 16 上硬层对软弱层的冲压和张拉示意图(下硬层为参照)
Figure 16. Sketch of weak interlayer compression and tension
图 18 由软弱层应力放大导致的损伤破碎[27]
Figure 18. Stress amplification of the weak layer caused breakage
图 19 大光包滑坡启动过程模型[33]
a.强震过程层间软弱夹层效应致使上覆岩体对其产生振动冲击，从而导致滑带岩体碎裂与扩容；b.滑坡越过狭窄黄洞子沟后与对岸山梁相撞，滑体逆冲超覆
Figure 19. Initiation model of the Daguangbao landslide
表 1 下硬层射线路径、传播时间及振幅系数
Table 1. Ray path, propagation time and amplitude coefficient of lower hard layer
序号 入射波 射线路径 延迟时间 振幅衰减系数 1 P1 P t1 TP1或TS1=Tp1 2 P2 PS t2 TP2或TS2=RPS 3 P3 PP t3 TP3或TS3=RPP 
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表 2 软弱层射线路径、传播时间及振幅系数
Table 2. Ray path, propagation time and amplitude coefficient of the weak interlayer
序号 入射波 射线路径 延迟时间 振幅衰减系数 1 P1 PS t1 TP1或TS1=TPS 2 P2 PP t2 TP2或TS2=TPP 3 P3 PSS t3 TP3或TS3=TPS·RPS 4 P4 PPS t4 TP4或TS4=TPP·RPS 5 P5 PSP t5 TP5或TS5=TPS·RPP 6 P6 PPP t6 TP6或TS6=TPP·RPP
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表 3 上硬层射线路径、传播时间及振幅系数
Table 3. Ray path, propagation time and amplitude coefficient of the upper hard layer
序号 入射波 射线路径 延迟时间 振幅衰减系数 1 P1 PSS t1 TP1/TS1=TPS·TPS 2 P2 PSP t2 TP2/TS2=TPP·TPP 3 P3 PPS t3 TP3/TS3=TPP·TPS 4 P4 PPP t4 TP4/TS4=TPP·TPP 5 P5 PSSS t5 TP5/TS5=TPS·TPS·RPS 6 P6 PSPS t6 TP6/TS6=TPS·TPP·RPP 7 P7 PPSS t7 TP7/TS7=TPP·TPS·RPS 8 P8 PSSP t8 TP8/TS8=TPS·TPS·RPP 9 P9 PPPS t9 TP9/TS9=TPP·TPP·RPS 10 P10 PSPP t10 TP10/TS10=TPS·TPP·RPP 11 P11 PPSP t11 TP11/TS11=TPP·TPS·RPP 12 P12 PPPP t12 TP12/TS12=TPP·TPP·RPP
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表 4 输入参数
Table 4. Input parameter
密度/(kg·m-3) 纵波速度/(m·s-1) 入射角/(°) 频率/Hz 振幅/(m·s-2) 上硬层 2 600 1 000 - - - 软弱层 1 700 600 - - - 下硬层 2 600 1 000 0 15 0.8
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表 6 振动台模型试验相似系数
Table 6. Similarity factor for the shaking table test
物理量 相似关系 相似系数C 硬层 软弱夹层 密度ρ Cρ 1* 1* 弹性模量E CE 400* 100* 时间t Ct 10* 10* 长度l Cl=Cρ-0.5 CE0.5Ct 200 100 泊松比μ Cμ 1 1 内聚力c Cc=CE 400 100 内摩擦角φ Cφ 1 1 应力σ Cσ=CECε 200 100 应变ε Cε=CρCgClCE-1 0.5 1.0 频率f Cf=Ct-1 0.1 0.1 位移u Cu=ClCε 100 100 速度v Cv=CuCt-1 0.5 1.0 加速度a Ca=CuCt-2 1.0 1.0 重力加速度g Cg 1 1 注：带“*”的值为控制量
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表 7 模型参数
Table 7. Calculation parameters
密度/(kg·m-3) 纵波速度/(m·s-1) 弹性模量/MPa 抗压强度/MPa 内聚力/MPa 内摩擦角/(°) 上/下硬层 2 600 1 100 278.5 2.10 - - 软弱层 1 700 650 9.4 0.33 10 25
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