基岩区断层泥的物质组成、定年方法与地震断层弱化机制研究进展

徐先兵; 邓飞; 王墩; 罗锡宜

doi:10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0138

基岩区断层泥的物质组成、定年方法与地震断层弱化机制研究进展

doi: 10.19509/j.cnki.dzkq.2022.0138

徐先兵^1,,
邓飞^{2, 3},
王墩¹,
罗锡宜³

1.
中国地质大学(武汉)地球科学学院，武汉 430074
2.
同济大学土木工程学院，上海 200092
3.
广东省佛山地质局，广东佛山 528000

基金项目:

中国地质调查局项目 DD20190811

佛山市城市地质调查试点项目“三龙湾高端创新集聚区城市地质调查” 440600-202004-211001-0011

科技部重点研发计划 2018YFC0603500

详细信息

作者简介:
徐先兵(1983—), 男, 副教授, 主要从事构造地质学与地质调查的教学与科研工作。E-mail: xbxu2011@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P546
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- 文章访问数: 1830
- PDF下载量: 131
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-24
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-10

Advances in composition and dating methods of fault gouge and weakening mechanisms of earthquake faults in bedrock area

Xu Xianbing^1
,,
Deng Fei^{2, 3},
Wang Dun¹,
Luo Xiyi³

1.
School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
2.
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3.
Foshan Geological Bureau of Guangdong Province, Foshan Guangdong 528000, China

摘要

摘要:
断层泥作为脆性断层活动的产物，是厘定断层的变形特征、形成时代与弱化机制的重要研究对象，在构造地质和地震地质等研究中具有重要意义。因此，全面了解断层泥的研究与进展，有助于基岩区古地震的研究。在系统收集和分析国内外相关资料的基础上，全面介绍了断层泥的矿物组成、石英形貌特征、定年方法与地震断层弱化机制等方面的研究进展，以及断层泥在基岩区地震断层研究中的应用。断层泥主要由黏土矿物(蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石以及绿泥石等)与围岩矿物的碎粉和碎砾(石英、长石、云母、方解石、白云石等)组成。断层泥中的石英、伊利石与方解石是限定断层活动期次和形成时代的主要测试对象。目前断层泥定年方法主要包括石英微形貌特征分析法、石英ESR和OSL定年法、伊利石K-Ar或⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar定年法和方解石U-Pb定年法。地震断层的弱化机制研究主要涉及断层泥中矿物细粒化与新矿物形成、岩石组构的发育、断层摩擦生热、熔体形成与热增压等方面。
- 地震断层 /
- 断层泥 /
- 物质组成 /
- 定年方法 /
- 断层弱化机制
Abstract:
Fault gouges result from the sliding of brittle faults and can be used to determine the deformational characteristics, formation ages and weakening mechanisms of earthquake faults, which are of great significance for structural geology and earthquake geology. Therefore, the comprehensive understanding of the research findings and its advances in fault gouges will contribute to palaeoseismic investigations. On the basis of collected and absorbed data, we introduced comprehensive advances in the components of fault gouges, surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges, dating methods of fault gouges and weakening mechanisms of earthquake faults. The fault gouge is mainly composed of clay minerals and powder and debris of wall rocks. The clay minerals mainly consist of montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite and chlorite. The powder and debris of wall rocks are mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite and dolomite. Quartz, illite and calcite selected from fault gouges could be used to distinguish the polysstages of faulting and date its formation ages. Geochronological methods include surface texture analysis of quartz grains, electron spin resonance (ESR) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)dating of quartz, K-Ar or ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of illite, and U-Pb dating of calcite. The weakening mechanisms of earthquake faults consist of the powder of minerals, the formation of new minerals and fabric development in fault gouges, and frictional heating, frictional melting and thermal pressurization after fault initialization.
- earthquake fault /
- fault gouge /
- composition /
- dating method /
- weakening mechanism of fault

HTML全文

图 1 断层横切剖面的概念模型(据文献[18]修改)

Figure 1. Conceptual block diagram of a fault zone across a fault

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 断层泥中石英颗粒微形貌特征(据文献[11-12]修改)

a.石英微形貌分类；b.溶蚀深度与时间的关系；c.石英微形貌与断层形成时代

Figure 2. Micromorphological characteristics of quartz grains from fault gouges

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 石英ESR年龄与石英颗粒直径散点图(a)和石英OSL年龄与岩心长度散点图(b) (a据文献[63]修改; b据文献[7]修改)

Figure 3. Scatter diagram of quartz ESR ages vs.quartz grain sizes(a) and scatter diagram of quartz OSL ages vs.length of core(b)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 伊利石K-Ar年龄与粒径分组图(a)和伊利石⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄与碎屑伊利石含量等时线图(b) (λ为K衰变常数，t为年龄；a据文献[36]修改; b据文献[46]修改)

Figure 4. Scatter diagram of illite K-Ar ages vs.illite grain sizes (a), and isochron diagram of illite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages vs.detrital illite contents(b)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 加拿大比格克里克断层泥中伊利石K-Ar年龄与粒径分组散点图(a)和其断层中方解石擦抹晶体和脉体的U-Pb年龄(b) (据文献[13]修改)

Figure 5. Scatter diagram of illite K-Ar ages vs.illite grain sizes (a), and calcite U-Pb ages of fibrous crystals and veins (b) from the Big Creek fault in Canada

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 断层泥年代学分析方法

Table 1. Geochronology for dating fault gouges

测试方法	分析对象	实验仪器	测年范围	采样要求	优缺点
微形貌	石英	XRD, SEM, TEM	晚中新世之后	约200 cm³断层泥	费用低、精度低
ESR	石英	电子顺磁共振波普仪	0.5 ka~2.5 Ma	石英脉或断层面上石英擦抹晶体	费用低、可能信号重置不彻底
OSL	石英	光释光年代分析仪	0.1~200 ka	25 cm长管样或10 cm长岩心，避光采样	费用低、可能信号重置不彻底
K-Ar或⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar	伊利石	XRD, SEM, TEM稀有气体质谱仪	1~300 Ma	新鲜无蚀变断层泥，需要对伊利石挑纯	精度高，但周期长、费用高
U-Pb	方解石	LA-(MC-)ICP-MS	1~100 Ma	石英脉或断层面上石英擦抹晶体	精度高、分辨率高，技术问题

下载: 导出CSV

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